My Travel and History Blog, Focussing mostly on Roman and Mediaeval Times
12 Aug 2006
The German Wall
It was one of the most intriguing discoveries at Kalkriese. Those big blond Germans had learned a few things from the Romans, and one was that walls are a good place to hide behind. So, along the smallest part of the path between woods and swamp, they built a series of wall and wicker or palisade defenses to make it even more difficult for the Romans to escape into the woods, and to hide behind until the moment of the ambush. That required planning ahead and a few weeks of work.
The walls were probably camouflaged by bushes and near to invisible. The pic above shows a piece of reconstructed wall - made of earth and grass cuts - from the 'Roman" side, the one to the left shows me standing on the 'German' side. The wicker screens were higher back then but have been adapted to school kid size (Kalkriese is a good place to visit for kids). So far, beside the reconstructed wall, iron palisades demonstrate the line along which the wall ran but I hope they will rebuild more of it until 2009.
¶ August 12, 2006 6 comments
It was one of the most intriguing discoveries at Kalkriese. Those big blond Germans had learned a few things from the Romans, and one was that walls are a good place to hide behind. So, along the smallest part of the path between woods and swamp, they built a series of wall and wicker or palisade defenses to make it even more difficult for the Romans to escape into the woods, and to hide behind until the moment of the ambush. That required planning ahead and a few weeks of work.
The walls were probably camouflaged by bushes and near to invisible. The pic above shows a piece of reconstructed wall - made of earth and grass cuts - from the 'Roman" side, the one to the left shows me standing on the 'German' side. The wicker screens were higher back then but have been adapted to school kid size (Kalkriese is a good place to visit for kids). So far, beside the reconstructed wall, iron palisades demonstrate the line along which the wall ran but I hope they will rebuild more of it until 2009.
¶ August 12, 2006 6 comments
9 Aug 2006
The Museum Park at Kalkriese
An extended essay about the Varus battle will appear soon, taking into account new discoveries.
Below is an overview photo taken from the museum tower. Of course, the landscape has changed a lot since 9 AD; what was a nasty bog where the Romans got stuck are now fields; the hill on the other side is less high because the land has risen thanks to a fertilizing system that used cut out grass sods turned upside down (the layer is about three metres today) trees have been felled.
Picture taken from the watchtower (not a Roman one, a modern building that also houses the museum
The winding grey way in the middle that cuts right through the iron enclave in the centre of the picture is the Roman marching line; to the left is the woodcovered hill, to the right the former swamp. Within the area enclosed by ruddy iron plates, the original landscape, forest, German wall and wicker defenses, small sandy stripe and bog have been reconstructed.
The German forests were proverbial in Latin literature, dark, impenetrable, hostile. It became a topos, a metaphor for a country that would never become a Roman province. Sure, Germany was more densely forested than today, but even in 9 AD there were populated areas, clearings, fields, pasture, and settlements, long distance paths and trails. The Romans had built fortified camps as far east as Hedemünden at the Werra (Weser and Werra, the Roman Visurgis, are the same river*), the kernel of a Roman system of settlements and roads, left unfinished after Tiberius called the army back in AD 16. The disaster in AD 9 reinforced the Scary German Forests-topos, and the German woods were present in Latin literature about Germania ever since.
If you walk some 50 metres into the forest, it becomes a lot more like what the Romans saw. Boggy ground, dense foliage, trees hindering the way. And German altars, places where they sacrificed to their gods, gods that contrary to the Celtic ones never made it into the Roman henotheistic pantheon.
I would have liked to also see the skeleton of a Roman on an altar, and his skull on a pole, but since the park is visited by children, I assume it was considered too scary. I bet for some horse-loving teenage girls that hide is scary enough.
Roman sources agree on the fact that it had rained the days before and during the battle. I think they could be right there, German autums can be on the wet side. Now, imagine a Roman legionary carried some 30 kilo equipment; I have no idea what the stuff weighs when wet, but according to Bernard Hill's statement in the LOTR DVD extras, it's a lot (his armour as Théoden is a mix of metal and leather as well). In AD 9 the mail shirt was still the more common armour albeit some pieces of lorica segmentata, the rectangular plates connected with leather straps we know from the movies, have been found at Kalkriese. This new form of armour became more popular in the time to follow because it was less heavy than mail.
The poor legionaries also carried a large shield made of leather fortified plywood. That's a lot of leather to get soaked. Not to mention wet equipment doesn't work well: the Romans had a whole auxiliary company of Balearic slingers with wet slings, archers with wet bows, legionaries with wet feet, soaked shields and rusty mail, and mules with sore hooves.
And this sorry troop, already diminished and disenheartened by two days of continous guerilla attacks from the Germans, now gets driven into bogs by a horde of Germans more used to getting wet, with smaller shields and less armour.
The weather surely was on Arminius' side but would the outcome have been different with weather as sunny as I experienced at Kalkriese? The Romans still would not have been able to display their army in proper fighting order, and a marching column is always an easier target. The bogs would still have been there (like in this little, reconstructed patch),
and we don't know how many Germans there were, not even the Roman sources, usually not beyond exaggerating the numbers, do mention any numbers at all. Maybe a few more Romans would have managed to break through but I think even with good weather, the battle in the Teutoburg Forest would have been a disaster. The problems the Romans encountered were too varied, and the psychological aspect plays a role as well - and if you talk about the boogieman long enough, people will believe in it.
Notes
* The old Germanic forms of both names are something like Visera / Wesera. In some German dialects a so called rhotazism took place, that is, a -s- between two vowels became a -r-. Since Germanic languages stress the first syllable of a word, the following syllables are prone to get contracted or weakened. Werera soon became Werra, while Wesera weakened the final -a- into -e- and finally lost it altogether and became Weser. The border between the two names is given by the fact that a rather large river, the Fulda, confluences into the Weser, and that looks as if Fulda and Werra join and become a new river. The name goes back to an Indoeuropean root *uis- that means 'water' and is also in the word Whisky.
¶ August 09, 2006 8 comments
An extended essay about the Varus battle will appear soon, taking into account new discoveries.
Below is an overview photo taken from the museum tower. Of course, the landscape has changed a lot since 9 AD; what was a nasty bog where the Romans got stuck are now fields; the hill on the other side is less high because the land has risen thanks to a fertilizing system that used cut out grass sods turned upside down (the layer is about three metres today) trees have been felled.
The winding grey way in the middle that cuts right through the iron enclave in the centre of the picture is the Roman marching line; to the left is the woodcovered hill, to the right the former swamp. Within the area enclosed by ruddy iron plates, the original landscape, forest, German wall and wicker defenses, small sandy stripe and bog have been reconstructed.
The German forests were proverbial in Latin literature, dark, impenetrable, hostile. It became a topos, a metaphor for a country that would never become a Roman province. Sure, Germany was more densely forested than today, but even in 9 AD there were populated areas, clearings, fields, pasture, and settlements, long distance paths and trails. The Romans had built fortified camps as far east as Hedemünden at the Werra (Weser and Werra, the Roman Visurgis, are the same river*), the kernel of a Roman system of settlements and roads, left unfinished after Tiberius called the army back in AD 16. The disaster in AD 9 reinforced the Scary German Forests-topos, and the German woods were present in Latin literature about Germania ever since.
If you walk some 50 metres into the forest, it becomes a lot more like what the Romans saw. Boggy ground, dense foliage, trees hindering the way. And German altars, places where they sacrificed to their gods, gods that contrary to the Celtic ones never made it into the Roman henotheistic pantheon.
I would have liked to also see the skeleton of a Roman on an altar, and his skull on a pole, but since the park is visited by children, I assume it was considered too scary. I bet for some horse-loving teenage girls that hide is scary enough.
Roman sources agree on the fact that it had rained the days before and during the battle. I think they could be right there, German autums can be on the wet side. Now, imagine a Roman legionary carried some 30 kilo equipment; I have no idea what the stuff weighs when wet, but according to Bernard Hill's statement in the LOTR DVD extras, it's a lot (his armour as Théoden is a mix of metal and leather as well). In AD 9 the mail shirt was still the more common armour albeit some pieces of lorica segmentata, the rectangular plates connected with leather straps we know from the movies, have been found at Kalkriese. This new form of armour became more popular in the time to follow because it was less heavy than mail.
The poor legionaries also carried a large shield made of leather fortified plywood. That's a lot of leather to get soaked. Not to mention wet equipment doesn't work well: the Romans had a whole auxiliary company of Balearic slingers with wet slings, archers with wet bows, legionaries with wet feet, soaked shields and rusty mail, and mules with sore hooves.
And this sorry troop, already diminished and disenheartened by two days of continous guerilla attacks from the Germans, now gets driven into bogs by a horde of Germans more used to getting wet, with smaller shields and less armour.
The weather surely was on Arminius' side but would the outcome have been different with weather as sunny as I experienced at Kalkriese? The Romans still would not have been able to display their army in proper fighting order, and a marching column is always an easier target. The bogs would still have been there (like in this little, reconstructed patch),
and we don't know how many Germans there were, not even the Roman sources, usually not beyond exaggerating the numbers, do mention any numbers at all. Maybe a few more Romans would have managed to break through but I think even with good weather, the battle in the Teutoburg Forest would have been a disaster. The problems the Romans encountered were too varied, and the psychological aspect plays a role as well - and if you talk about the boogieman long enough, people will believe in it.
Notes
* The old Germanic forms of both names are something like Visera / Wesera. In some German dialects a so called rhotazism took place, that is, a -s- between two vowels became a -r-. Since Germanic languages stress the first syllable of a word, the following syllables are prone to get contracted or weakened. Werera soon became Werra, while Wesera weakened the final -a- into -e- and finally lost it altogether and became Weser. The border between the two names is given by the fact that a rather large river, the Fulda, confluences into the Weser, and that looks as if Fulda and Werra join and become a new river. The name goes back to an Indoeuropean root *uis- that means 'water' and is also in the word Whisky.
¶ August 09, 2006 8 comments
