Roman and Mediaeval History, Illlustrated Travel Journals, Mediaeval Literature, Geology
17.3.12
Romanesque-Byzantine-Moorish Architecture in Thuringia - Göllingen Monastery
Little remains of the monastery in Göllingen, but what has survived the time proves to be an intriguing piece of Medieaval masonry as this octagonal tower on a square base shows. The crypt is very interesting, too.
Göllingen Monastery, westwork seen from the west
The monastery, dedicated to St.Wigbert, was a filiation of the Abbey of Hersfeld and generously sponsored by Gunther of Käfernburg (count and hermit, politician and priest who deserves a post of his own). The village of Göllingen appears first in a charte of 765 and there seems to have been a Carolingian crown domain as well. The situation at the crossing of a river and the salt road from Frankenhausen likely influenced the establishment of a settlement.
The first church dates back to the late 10th century, as a piece of wood giving a dendrochronological date of 960-980 proves, and a small part of it survived in the western transept wall to the right side of the tower (see photo below). You can distinguish it from the later masonry by the use of ashlar and mortar instead of hewn stones.
(West tower seen from the 'inside' of the church)
The monks of Göllingen Monastery followed the Benedictine rules and soon turned the place into a local economic centre with fishponds, vineyards, fields and forests (timber) and, most important, a system of waterworks that was neccessary for the mining of salt in nearby Frankenhausem. Among the nobles charged with the protection of the monastery as reeves was the family of Hohnstein; another castle I've visited (to further tie the net of connections between my various journeys in the Harz, Thuringia, along the Weser, and other places).
With the monastery growing in size and influence, the church of course underwent some 'modernization' in the 12th century. But judging from the remains, it didn't develop as a typical Harz / Thuringian Romanesque church but something a bit more unusual. You may remember the overall structure of Romanesque westworks like Gandersheim or Fredelsloh. And now look at the tower on the photos above. Pretty different, isn't it?
Since the architect or rather, master mason, remains unnamed, we don't know if he was a man who had traveled and met with other architectural styles. My guess is he did, though, artisans could be very mobile, and we know that - to name just one example - the master mason of Königlutter Cathedral, Nicolaus of Verona, came from Italy. An influence by the crusades may be a possibility as well; the lower part of the tower dates to 1170, the octagonal part is some 50 years younger.
A connection with Theophanu, the Byzantine princess who married the future Emperor Otto II in 972 has also been made, but that would be a bit early, even if the crypt is - or rather, may be - somewhat older than the rest of the tower. A Byzantine influence in the area (the nearby palatine seat of Tilleda - another post in dire need of a rewrite with new photos *sigh* - had been Theophanu's wedding gift) doesn't hold because if there had been an influence strong enough to be active 100 years later, it should have shown in other buildings as well.
Remains of the east apse
Besides the westwork with the crypt, only the eastern apse of the main nave and part of the southern transept survived because the rooms had been used as smithy. The lack of windows in the remaining walls lets us assume that the walls had originally been much higher with windows above the level of the altar so the light could shine in from above. Whether the crossing had a tower or at least an extra row of windows remains guesswork. The overall layout of the remaining foundations - often the only part that survived - shows a rather compact building of 37 metres length with two stumpy transepts and no aisles (many but not all Romanesque churches were built in the three-naved basilica style).
Pillars and horseshoe shaped transverse archs in the crypt
We'll get back to the crypt shown in the photo above, but first some more information about the tower. The foundatiion is a square of 10.30 x 10.30 metres; the cubic first storey is 11.50 metres high (not counting the crypt) and the octagonal part about the same height (12.10 m) though it seems to be higher seen from the outside angle because it's looks more slender on top of the massive base. The base is also structured by engaged pillars and red sandstone friezes to highlight the dominiating local shell limestone the tower is made of. The quality of the masonry is outstanding. This layout of a tower is pretty unique in north-eastern German architecture.
(The crypt, different angle)
As you can see on the photo above, taken from the side of the former nave, the square storey of the tower opens to a platform (the two arches below are the entrance to the crypt) which once may have been a gallery, likely for ViPs like visiting bishops or emperors. The room behind the gallery which may have held a private altar, seems to be too large for a mere reeve, taking up the entire ground of the square and with a height of almost 8 metres it could have held an imperial or episcopal entourage, and it had a huge gate that could be closed. The room survived the secularization because it was used as granary.
The crypt in Göllingen monastery is not a truly subterranean room but more like the high crypt we can find fe. in Lippoldsberg, though other than in Lippodlsberg, it could be closed by a double gate (there are traces of holdings for gate beams). Two steps lead down to it.
The design of the crypt is symmetrical, 8.20 x 8.20 metres with 3 x 3 nave bays with cross grain vaulting supported by four free standing pillars and the matching embedded pillars at the walls and corners. The pillars are made of shell limestone while the transverse archs are of red sandstone to set some highlights. The most interesting feature is the form of these archs, they are horseshoe shaped, and that's something you may find in southern Spain or Jerusalem, but not in Germany. The embedded pillars are made of red sandstone as well to contrast with the limestone walls (albeit the contrast here is a bit faded nowadays).
The bases of the free standing pillars had once been decorated with a red border to set them off the light gypsum screed of the floor. The pillars have cubiform capitals; the capitals of the four free standing pillars are more richly decorated than the embedded ones, with cushion or leaf designs, but all show fine stonemasonry.
Closeup of one of the capitals
The crypt is lit only by three windows on the south side (and candles, of course); the outer windows are set slightly obliquely so that the light focusses on the space between the centre pillars.
The vault between the centre pillars is the only one that holds a closing rosette of red sandstone with a hook for a chandelier, and there are traces of smoke on the ceiling. The way the focus is drawn to the space between the four centre pillars, one can assume it may once have held an altar, a reliquary shrine, or an important sarcophagus, though not the one of Gunther of Käfernburg who is buried in Prague.
The tower seen from the south
The upper storey of the octagonal tower, with the eight windows, is the belfry. The only access to this 13th century addition was via the roof of the western transept. This may be another proof for the special purpose of the room beneath; important guests should not be disturbed by the scurrying around of the campanologist (even if he was not hunchbacked).
Fragmented finds of Gothic architecture (parts of window tracery, pieces of capitals with Gothic designs) on the site show that the church must have been altered again in the 14th and/or 15th century, but the west tower and the crypt were well left alone.
The crypt, view to some of the embedded pillars
Göllingen Monastery survived the Peasant War (Battle of Frankenhausen 1524) and the Thirty Years war, but its downfall came during the secularisation. Its then owner, the Landgrave of Hessen-Kassel who received most of the former possessions of Hersfeld Abbey in 1648, decided to turn the monastery into an agricultural property. The buildings were converted into stables and granaries, the church dismantled and the stones sold to the villagers. During the time of the GDR, the place became a cannery. The remaining parts of the Romanesque church were cared for after the reunion so that at least the tower and the crypt will survive into the future.
Sources:
Dr. Rainer Müller, Dr. Helge Wittmann: Klosterruine St. Wigbert Göllingen. Regensburg, 2006
Website of Göllingen monastery
Read more! ¶ 6:23 pm 8 comments
Little remains of the monastery in Göllingen, but what has survived the time proves to be an intriguing piece of Medieaval masonry as this octagonal tower on a square base shows. The crypt is very interesting, too.
The monastery, dedicated to St.Wigbert, was a filiation of the Abbey of Hersfeld and generously sponsored by Gunther of Käfernburg (count and hermit, politician and priest who deserves a post of his own). The village of Göllingen appears first in a charte of 765 and there seems to have been a Carolingian crown domain as well. The situation at the crossing of a river and the salt road from Frankenhausen likely influenced the establishment of a settlement.
The first church dates back to the late 10th century, as a piece of wood giving a dendrochronological date of 960-980 proves, and a small part of it survived in the western transept wall to the right side of the tower (see photo below). You can distinguish it from the later masonry by the use of ashlar and mortar instead of hewn stones.
(West tower seen from the 'inside' of the church)The monks of Göllingen Monastery followed the Benedictine rules and soon turned the place into a local economic centre with fishponds, vineyards, fields and forests (timber) and, most important, a system of waterworks that was neccessary for the mining of salt in nearby Frankenhausem. Among the nobles charged with the protection of the monastery as reeves was the family of Hohnstein; another castle I've visited (to further tie the net of connections between my various journeys in the Harz, Thuringia, along the Weser, and other places).
With the monastery growing in size and influence, the church of course underwent some 'modernization' in the 12th century. But judging from the remains, it didn't develop as a typical Harz / Thuringian Romanesque church but something a bit more unusual. You may remember the overall structure of Romanesque westworks like Gandersheim or Fredelsloh. And now look at the tower on the photos above. Pretty different, isn't it?
Since the architect or rather, master mason, remains unnamed, we don't know if he was a man who had traveled and met with other architectural styles. My guess is he did, though, artisans could be very mobile, and we know that - to name just one example - the master mason of Königlutter Cathedral, Nicolaus of Verona, came from Italy. An influence by the crusades may be a possibility as well; the lower part of the tower dates to 1170, the octagonal part is some 50 years younger.
A connection with Theophanu, the Byzantine princess who married the future Emperor Otto II in 972 has also been made, but that would be a bit early, even if the crypt is - or rather, may be - somewhat older than the rest of the tower. A Byzantine influence in the area (the nearby palatine seat of Tilleda - another post in dire need of a rewrite with new photos *sigh* - had been Theophanu's wedding gift) doesn't hold because if there had been an influence strong enough to be active 100 years later, it should have shown in other buildings as well.
Besides the westwork with the crypt, only the eastern apse of the main nave and part of the southern transept survived because the rooms had been used as smithy. The lack of windows in the remaining walls lets us assume that the walls had originally been much higher with windows above the level of the altar so the light could shine in from above. Whether the crossing had a tower or at least an extra row of windows remains guesswork. The overall layout of the remaining foundations - often the only part that survived - shows a rather compact building of 37 metres length with two stumpy transepts and no aisles (many but not all Romanesque churches were built in the three-naved basilica style).
We'll get back to the crypt shown in the photo above, but first some more information about the tower. The foundatiion is a square of 10.30 x 10.30 metres; the cubic first storey is 11.50 metres high (not counting the crypt) and the octagonal part about the same height (12.10 m) though it seems to be higher seen from the outside angle because it's looks more slender on top of the massive base. The base is also structured by engaged pillars and red sandstone friezes to highlight the dominiating local shell limestone the tower is made of. The quality of the masonry is outstanding. This layout of a tower is pretty unique in north-eastern German architecture.
(The crypt, different angle)As you can see on the photo above, taken from the side of the former nave, the square storey of the tower opens to a platform (the two arches below are the entrance to the crypt) which once may have been a gallery, likely for ViPs like visiting bishops or emperors. The room behind the gallery which may have held a private altar, seems to be too large for a mere reeve, taking up the entire ground of the square and with a height of almost 8 metres it could have held an imperial or episcopal entourage, and it had a huge gate that could be closed. The room survived the secularization because it was used as granary.
The crypt in Göllingen monastery is not a truly subterranean room but more like the high crypt we can find fe. in Lippoldsberg, though other than in Lippodlsberg, it could be closed by a double gate (there are traces of holdings for gate beams). Two steps lead down to it.
The design of the crypt is symmetrical, 8.20 x 8.20 metres with 3 x 3 nave bays with cross grain vaulting supported by four free standing pillars and the matching embedded pillars at the walls and corners. The pillars are made of shell limestone while the transverse archs are of red sandstone to set some highlights. The most interesting feature is the form of these archs, they are horseshoe shaped, and that's something you may find in southern Spain or Jerusalem, but not in Germany. The embedded pillars are made of red sandstone as well to contrast with the limestone walls (albeit the contrast here is a bit faded nowadays).
The bases of the free standing pillars had once been decorated with a red border to set them off the light gypsum screed of the floor. The pillars have cubiform capitals; the capitals of the four free standing pillars are more richly decorated than the embedded ones, with cushion or leaf designs, but all show fine stonemasonry.
The crypt is lit only by three windows on the south side (and candles, of course); the outer windows are set slightly obliquely so that the light focusses on the space between the centre pillars.
The vault between the centre pillars is the only one that holds a closing rosette of red sandstone with a hook for a chandelier, and there are traces of smoke on the ceiling. The way the focus is drawn to the space between the four centre pillars, one can assume it may once have held an altar, a reliquary shrine, or an important sarcophagus, though not the one of Gunther of Käfernburg who is buried in Prague.
The upper storey of the octagonal tower, with the eight windows, is the belfry. The only access to this 13th century addition was via the roof of the western transept. This may be another proof for the special purpose of the room beneath; important guests should not be disturbed by the scurrying around of the campanologist (even if he was not hunchbacked).
Fragmented finds of Gothic architecture (parts of window tracery, pieces of capitals with Gothic designs) on the site show that the church must have been altered again in the 14th and/or 15th century, but the west tower and the crypt were well left alone.
Göllingen Monastery survived the Peasant War (Battle of Frankenhausen 1524) and the Thirty Years war, but its downfall came during the secularisation. Its then owner, the Landgrave of Hessen-Kassel who received most of the former possessions of Hersfeld Abbey in 1648, decided to turn the monastery into an agricultural property. The buildings were converted into stables and granaries, the church dismantled and the stones sold to the villagers. During the time of the GDR, the place became a cannery. The remaining parts of the Romanesque church were cared for after the reunion so that at least the tower and the crypt will survive into the future.
Sources:
Dr. Rainer Müller, Dr. Helge Wittmann: Klosterruine St. Wigbert Göllingen. Regensburg, 2006
Website of Göllingen monastery
Read more! ¶ 6:23 pm 8 comments
4.3.12
Random Roman Watchtower
When I visited Xanten in 2010, I rented a bicycyle - you can get them everyhwere in the area and there are lots of special cycle lanes - for one day to get to some interesting places, among them the amphitheatre at Birten. I then cycled along the Rhine for a bit and took a turn along a lake.
'South Lake' near Xanten
Where I found this. Well, I had seen a few of those along the Hadrians's Wall and the Limes and could make a good guess what the foundations were. There also was a sign telling people.
My compagnion for a day in front of the foundationas of a Roman watch tower
A Roman watchtower, 5 km from the former fort of Castra Vetera (the few remains of which are now buried beneath a grain field on the slope of Fürstenberg Hill). There must have been a chain of those along the Rhine - or rather, where the Rhine had been in Augustean times; its meanders have shifted a bit.
Closer view
The foundations of 4 x 4 metres are made of greywacke and mortar and are sufficient to support a wooden or half timbered construction of several storeys. There's no mention that this tower had ever been reconstructed all in stone like some of those at the Hadrian's Wall and Limes.
Different angle
Access would have been by a ladder to the second storey. The lower storey was used to store provisions, the middle one for living quarters, and the highest one was the actual lookout. Since the land around Xanten is rather flat, you could see far on a clear day.
View from the other side of the lake towards Xanten with the cathedral
I cycled along both the south and north lakes - artificial lakes made for recreational purposes, but very quiet on a dreary day like when I was there - and returned to Xanten in late afternoon. Though the weather wasn't bad for cycling at all; not too much wind and no rain.
Read more! ¶ 10:34 pm 8 comments
When I visited Xanten in 2010, I rented a bicycyle - you can get them everyhwere in the area and there are lots of special cycle lanes - for one day to get to some interesting places, among them the amphitheatre at Birten. I then cycled along the Rhine for a bit and took a turn along a lake.
Where I found this. Well, I had seen a few of those along the Hadrians's Wall and the Limes and could make a good guess what the foundations were. There also was a sign telling people.
A Roman watchtower, 5 km from the former fort of Castra Vetera (the few remains of which are now buried beneath a grain field on the slope of Fürstenberg Hill). There must have been a chain of those along the Rhine - or rather, where the Rhine had been in Augustean times; its meanders have shifted a bit.
The foundations of 4 x 4 metres are made of greywacke and mortar and are sufficient to support a wooden or half timbered construction of several storeys. There's no mention that this tower had ever been reconstructed all in stone like some of those at the Hadrian's Wall and Limes.
Access would have been by a ladder to the second storey. The lower storey was used to store provisions, the middle one for living quarters, and the highest one was the actual lookout. Since the land around Xanten is rather flat, you could see far on a clear day.
I cycled along both the south and north lakes - artificial lakes made for recreational purposes, but very quiet on a dreary day like when I was there - and returned to Xanten in late afternoon. Though the weather wasn't bad for cycling at all; not too much wind and no rain.
Read more! ¶ 10:34 pm 8 comments
