The Lost Fort
My Travel and History Blog, Focussing mostly on Roman and Mediaeval Times
Hadrian's Wall - Introduction
The anonymous 4th century Historia Augusta mentions that Emperor Hadrian "had a wall built to separate Romans and barbarians". It stretches 80 Roman miles (73 British miles, 123 kilometres) all the way from modern Newcastle / Wallsend to Bowness-on-Solway in the west. Building began in 122 AD, but ideas for a more permanent frontier in different parts of the expanding empire had been discussed before. Nor was the Hadrian's Wall the only solid border defense - the German Limes, an earth wall and palisade construction across the area between Rhine and Danube, was erected during the same time.
Remains of the Wall at Birdoswald
Such frontiers served to control traffic - trade and thus taxes, and migration - not to separate people the way the Berlin Wall did. The Hadrian's Wall had mile castles every mile, and most of them, as well as the forts, protected gates. Between each mile castle lay two observation turrets, though the structure was sometimes interrupted by major forts directly at the Wall, like Housesteads.
At first, only the eastern part of the Wall up to Birdoswald was built of stone while the western part was a turf and palisade construction, but later Hadrian ordered to have that part rebuilt in stone as well.
The wall part was about 4 metres high. It might have been painted white with a stone structure outlined in red, but there is no sure proof for it.
A reconstructed section of the Wall at Segedunum.
The thickness of the Wall varies from 3.6 metres to less than 2 metres, which points at different engineers and plans. North of the Wall lay a deep V-ditch (except where the land made it unnecessary), and on the south side, some 30-40 metres away from the Wall, was another turf wall and trench line, the vallum. It is thought to have demarked some sort of no man's land, but another argument is that it was built before the Wall and served as protection - makes one wonder why south of the Wall in that case since the belligerent tribes were north of it. Or the Brigantes were less reliable than Roman sources make us believe.
Between vallum and Wall ran a military road, but the old Stanegate road further south was still in use as well, as were some of the older forts, like Vindolanda where several layers of timber and stone buildings point at an occupation over centuries. Those places, as well as the supply fort in Arbeia (South Shields near Newcastle) were part of a border defense network.
Vindolanda (Chesterholm), view to the Pennine Hills in the northeastSome of the forts attracted a
vicus, a civilian settlement; the largest was that of Vindolanda. But town-like settlements also developed, like Corbridge (known in Roman times as both Coria and Corstopitum). It had been an Iron Age settlement before the Romans built a fort nearby in AD 84 which was in use until the Antonine Wall was abandoned. The fort ramparts were then levelled and temples were built, as well as a central complex that may have been intended as forum (though it was never finished to the original plans), and some villa-like houses, one of them large enough to have been the quarter of Septimius Severus.
Some of the buildings would later be dismantled and the stones used in building
Hexham Abbey, but there are still some impressive remains left.
Corbridge settlement, main streetThe wall was built by legionaries but the garrisons in the forts were auxiliary troops; the nearest legionary fort was in Eboracum / York some distance south of the wall. The same distribution can be found at the German Limes.
The Romans used the lay of the land and its natural defenses wherever possible. A good example are the Walltown Crags. I didn't have the time to go round the cliffs to the side where you can climb them, but the view from the hill where I stood was quite spectacular as well.
Walltown Crags
(I used a strong tele for this shot which makes the crags look less menacing than they were.)Between 142 AD until about 160 AD the Hadrian's Wall was abandoned in favour of the Antonine Wall further north, but in the end turned out the be the frontier that worked best.
During the 3rd century, the number of gates was reduced and part of the
vallum trench was filled in. Some of the turrets were dismantled, then erected again, some of the mile castles lost their function as gate protections but still were garrisoned. The border remained an unruly place.
Vindolanda, reconstruction of a stone watch towerAfter the Romans left Britain, stones of the Wall have been used to build houses, and some with ornaments and insctiptions can still be identified today. There are some interesting ones in Hexham Abbey. If the Hadrian's Wall hadn't been used as quarry, more of it would be left.
More photos can be found
here.
Auxiliary soldier Gabriela Germanica
Dressed up in Roman auxiliary reenactment gear at Segedunum (Wallsend/Newcastle).
This stuff is heavy, especially the shield, I tell ye. And it's not easy to get the mail shirt over long hair. Also, tightly fitting mail does bad things to those extra pounds on the hips. But it was fun, and the helmet is really stylish.
Now I just need a horse to go with it, and some enemies to poke that gladius into. *grin*
(Yes, I know the cavalry had spathae, but they didn't have one at the museum.)
Hadrians' Wall - First Impressions
Here are the first pics of what my father jokingly called 'lots of photos of stones and sheep'. *grin* There were indeed some sheep grazing among the ruins in several places.
View towards the remains of Vercovicium (Housesteads)I didn't play with the colours, the grass
is so green. And the weather wasn't so bad most of the time; the afternoon I visited Housesteads was the only one with rain. I often got some real sunshine.
Cilurnum (Chesters), bath house at the river TyneOn a sunless day with low clouds the wall could look quite threatening, though. Imagine those walls at their original height of about 4 metres and imagine you're some tribal warrior with no armour and only a spear.
The Wall near Birdoswald, seen from the northern sideSometimes the air was a bit hazy despite the sun. I soon realised that was the pefect weather to get a sunburn. In Britain.
Afternoon at Corstopitum (Corbridge), Tyne ValleyA few features have been reconstructed, like the gates in Vindolanda. Vindolanda is not part of the actual wall, but of the earlier Stanegate forts and there was some discussion about the reconstructions.
The reconstructed Wall at Vindolanda - both a stone and an earth and timber part.Personally, I think it's interesting to see such reconstructed places if it's done well. In Vindolanda, the reconstructed features fit into the entire site, and it's cool to see diggings going on only a few metres from the 'new' wall. It gives you a feeling of history being alive.
Me standing around near the south gate at Cilurnum (Chesters)A little tidbit of interest: Cilurnum plays a role in Gillian Bradshaw's
Island of Ghosts, a novel about the Sarmatian
cataphracti auxiliaries in Britain. Cilurnum has never been proven as one of the places where the Sarmatians were stationed, but we can't blame Ms. Bradshaw for this - when she wrote her novel, not much was known about the Sarmatians in Britain at all, and newer discoveries (Sarmatians in Ribchester). The book is an entertaining read, minor problems nonewithstanding.
I'm Back
It was a great tour and I managed to see a lot. I need a new set of feet, though, the ones I have are pretty much worn out. I only got supplementary plot bunnies, not new stories. And the suppies are nice.
Here's a short summary in 12 points.
- The Romans are everywhere.
- Especially their stones.
- Bookstores are evil.
- It only rained one afternoon, but then it poured.
- Kids in school uniforms look cute.
- They speak funny in Newcastle.
- British buses don't get you anywhere.
- I love the tea cooking facilities in B&Bs.
- Fish 'n Chips is ewww.
- The Normans really got around.
- Jorvik Viking Museum rocks.
- Everything except books and ale is expensive.
I've got some 800 pics to sort out, and that's only the digital colour ones. I took a nice bunch of black and white ones with my old analog camera as well. So here's an old one again - for Susan Higginbotham who wanted to know what Eilean Donan Castle looks like.
Me in front of Eilean Donan Castle in Scotland.
The Lost Fort is a travel and history blog based on my journeys in Germany, Great Britain, Scandinavia, the Baltic Countries, and central Europe. It includes virtual town and castle tours with a focus on history, essays on Roman and Mediaeval history, hiking tours, and photography.
This blog is non-commercial.
All texts and photos (if no other copyright is noted) are copyright of Gabriele Campbell.
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- Name: Gabriele Campbell
- Location: Goettingen, Germany
I'm a blogger from Göttingen, Germany, with a MA in Literature and History, interested in everything Roman and Mediaeval, avid reader and sometimes writer, opera enthusiast, traveller with a liking for foreign languages and odd rocks, photographer, and tea aficionado. And an old-fashioned blogger who refuses to get an Instagram account.
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Historical Places
Germany
Towns
Bad Sooden-Allendorf
Historical Town and Graduation Tower
Bruchteiche Reservoir
Binz
A Seaside Resort
Braunschweig
Medieval Braunschweig
Lion Benches in the Castle Square
The Quadriga
Erfurt
Medieval Erfurt
Goslar
Medieval Goslar
Chapel in the Klus Rock
Heiligenstadt
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Lübeck
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Magdeburg
Church of Our Lady: History
Mainz
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Paderborn
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Speyer
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Jewish Ritual Bath
Stralsund
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Treffurt
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Trier
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Weimar
Sites of the Weimar Classicism
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Wismar
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Roman and Medieval Xanten
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Adelebsen
The Keep
Altenstein (Werra)
A Border Castle
Bramburg
Weser River Reivers
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Albrecht II of Thuringia
Coburg Fortress
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Ebersburg
The Marshals of Ebersburg
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Grebenstein
History
Grubenhagen
History of the Keep
Hanstein
Introduction
Hardeg Castle
The Great Hall
Hardenberg
History
Heldenburg (Salzderhelden)
A Welfen Seat
Hohnstein (Harz)
The Counts of Hohnstein
Between Welfen and Staufen
14th-15th Century
Krukenburg
Built to Protect a Chapel
Kugelsburg
The Counts of Everstein
Later Times
Plesse
The Counts of Winzenburg
The Lords of Plesse
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Polle Castle
An Everstein Stronghold
Regenstein
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Reichenbach (Hessia)
History
Sababurg
Photo Impressions
Scharfenstein
From Castle to Convention Centre
Scharzfels
History
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Sichelnstein
History
Stauffenburg (Harz)
A Secret Mistress
Stapelburg
A Little Known Ruin in the Harz
Trendelburg
Photo Impressions
Wartburg
A Virtual Tour
Weidelsburg
History
Architecture
Revisiting the Weidelsburg
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Bursfelde
Early History of the Abbey
Fredelsloh
A Romanesque Basilica
Gehrden
A Romanesque Church
Göllingen
The Byzantine Crypt
Hahnenklee
The Stave Church
Helmarshausen
Remains of the Monastery
Lippoldsberg
Early History of the Abbey
Interior of the Church
Lorsch
The Carolingian Gate Hall
Pöhlde
Remains of the Monastery
Scharzfeld (Harz)
The Cave Church
Vernawahlshausen
Medieval Murals
Walkenried
The Monastery - Introduction
Wiebrechtshausen
Romanesque Church and a Ducal Burial
Wilhelmshausen (Kassel)
The Romanesque Church
Roman Remains
Augusta Treverorum / Trier
The Amphitheatre
The Aula Palatina
The Imperial Baths
The Porta Nigra
The Roman Bridge
Colonia Ulpia Traiana / Xanten
Roman Xanten
The Amphitheatre in Birten
Limes Fort Aalen
The Barracks
Limes Fort Osterburken
The Discovery
The Cohort castellum
The Annex Fort
The Garrisons
Limes Fort Saalburg
A Reconstructed Limes Fort
Shrine of the Standards
Haltern am See
Romans in Haltern
Playmobil Romans, LWL Museum Haltern
Varus Statue See
Romans at the Moselle
Romans at the Moselle
The Villa Urbana in Longuich
Romans at the Rhine
Boppard - The Roman Baudobriga
The Villa at Wachenheim
Neolithicum and Bronze Age
Neolithic Burials
Neolithic Burials in the Everstorf Forest and Rugia
The Necropolis of Oldendorf
Bronze Age
Bronze and Iron Age Remains at the Werra
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Palatine Seat Tilleda
The Defenses
Viking Settlement Haithabu
The Nydam Ship
Open Air Museums
European Bread Museum Ebergötzen
Open Air Museum Oerlinghausen
Post-Mediaeval Exhibits
Historical Guns, Coburg Fortress
Vintage Car Museum, Wolfsburg
England
Northumbria Tour
Towns
Chester
Roman and Medieval Chester
Hexham
The Abbey - Introduction
The Old Gaol
York
Clifford Tower
The Guild Hall
Monk Bar Gate with Richard III Museum
Museum Gardens
Houses in the Old Town
York Minster: Architecture
Castles
Carlisle
History
Richmond
Conquest to King John
Henry III to the Tudors
Architecture
Scarborough
Romans to the Tudors
Civil War to the Present
Architecture
Roman Remains
Eboracum / York
Roman Bath in the Fortress
Wall Fort Birdoswald
The Dark Age Timber Halls
Wall Fort Segedunum
Museum and Viewing Tower
The Baths
Other Roman Sites
The Mithraeum at Brocolita
The Signal Station at Scarborough
Scotland
Scotland Tour
Towns
Edinburgh
Views from the Castle
Stirling
The Wallace Monument
Castles
Doune
A Virtual Tour
The Early Stewart Kings
Royal Dower House
Duart Castle
Guarding the Sound of Mull
Dunstaffnage
An Ancient MacDougall Stronghold
The Wars of Independence
The Campbells Are Coming
Dunstaffnage Chapel
Stirling
Robert the Bruce
Abbeys and Churches
Inchcolm
Arriving at Inchcolm Abbey
Neolithicum and Bronze Age
Neolithic Orkney
Ring of Brodgar
Skara Brae
Brochs and Cairns
Clava Cairns
The Brochs of Gurness and Midhowe - Introduction
Picts and Dalriatans
Dunadd Hill Fort
Staffa
Wales
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Aberystwyth
Castle and Coast
Caerleon
The Ffwrwm
The Roman Amphitheatre
The Baths in the Legionary Fort
Conwy
The Smallest House in Great Britain
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Beaumaris
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Caernarfon
Master James of St.George
The Castle Kitchens
Cardiff
From Romans to Victorians
Chepstow
Beginnings unto Bigod
Edward II to the Tudors
Civil War
Conwy
History
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Criccieth
Llywelyn's Buildings
King Edward's Buildings
Manorbier
The Pleasantest Spot in Wales
Pembroke
Photo Impressions
The Caves Under the Castle
Roman Remains
Isca Silurum / Caerleon
The Amphitheatre
The Baths in the Legionary Fort
Denmark
Denmark Tour, Part 1 /
Part 2
Finland
Towns
Porvoo
Medieval Porvoo
Norway
Castles and Fortresses
Akershus Fortress in Oslo
Kings and Pirates
The Time of King Håkon V
Architecture
Vardøhus Fortress
History
Museums
The Fram Museum in Oslo
Sweden
Neolithicum and Bronze Age
Gotland
Gnisvärd Ship Setting
Museums
The Vasa Museum in Stockholm
Raising the Vasa Wreck
Estonia
Baltics Tour, Part 1 /
Part 2
Towns
Tallinn
The History of Medieval Tallinn
Latvia
Baltics Tour, Part 1 /
Part 2
Towns
Riga
The History of Medieval Riga
Lithuania
Lithuania Tour, Part 1 /
Part 2
Towns
Vilnius
Photo Impressions
Czechia
Czechia Tour
Towns
Cheb / Eger
The Old Town
Karlovy Vary / Karlsbad
Brief History of the Town
Kutná Hora
The Sedlec Ossuary
The Medieval Town and St.Barbara's Church
Poland
Poland Tour
Towns
Gdańsk / Danzig
History of Medieval Gdańsk
Medieval and Renaissance Gdańsk
Kraków
The Old Town
Jewish Kraków - Kazimierz and the Ghetto
Wrocław / Breslau
The Botanical Garden
The Wrocław Dwarfs
Castles
Ogrodzieniec Castle
A Virtual Tour
First Castle to the Boner Family
Belgium
Towns
Antwerp
The Old Town
Bruges
Medieval Bruges
Ghent
Medieval Ghent
Tongeren
Medieval Buildings
Roman Remains
Atuatuca Tungrorum / Tongeren
Roman Remains in the Town
Luxembourg
Towns
Luxembourg City
A Tour of the Town
City Trips
Strasbourg (France)
A Tour of the Town
St. Petersburg (Russia)
Impressions from the Neva River
Landscapes and Geology
Germany
Baltic Sea Coast
Flensburg Firth
Impressions from Rugia
Rugia: Flint Fields
Rugia: Jasmund Peninsula and Kap Arkona
Rugia: The Pier of Sellin
A Tour on the Wakenitz River
Lüneburg Heath
Hiking in the Lüneburg Heath
Harz National Park
A Collection of Tours
Arboretum Bad Grund / Hübichenstein
Bode Valley and Rosstrappe Cliff
Daneil's Cave
Devil's Wall
Ilse Valley and Ilse's Rock
Klus Rock
Lonau Falls
Oderteich Reservoir
Rappbode Reservoir
Rhume Springs
Southern Harz Karst
National Park Hainich
Oberderdorla and Hainich National Park
Nature Park Meissner-Kaufunger Wald
Blue Dome near Eschwege
Hiking in the Meissner
Hessian Switzerland
Rossbach Heath
Salt Springs at the Werra
Nature Park Reinhardswald
Old Forest at the Sababurg
Nature Park Solling-Vogler
The Forest Pasture Project
Hannover Cliffs
Raised Bog Mecklenbruch
Pretty Places in Göttingen
Spring in the Parks of Göttingen
Winter Impressions
Rivers and Lakes
Autumn at Werra/Weser
The Danube in Spring
Edersee Reservoir
A Rainy Rhine Cruise
Vineyards at Saale/Unstrut
Weser River Ferry
Weser Skywalk
Wildlife
Harz Falcon Park
Ozeaneum Stralsund: Baltic Sea Life
Ozeaneum Stralsund: North Sea Life
Red squirrels
Baltic Countries
Baltic Sea Cruise
Lithuania
Beaches at the Curonian Spit
Geology of the Curonian Spit
Great Britain
The East Coast
By Ferry to Newcastle
Impressions from the East Coast
Scottish Sea Shores
Crossing to Mull
Mull: Craignure to Fionnphort
Dunollie and Kilchurn
Highland Mountains: Inverness to John o'Groats
Pentland Firth
Staffa
Summer in Oban
Scotland by Train
West Highland Railway
Wildlife
Sea Gulls
Scandinavia
The
Hurtigruten-Tour
A Voyage into Winter
Light and Shadows
Norway by Train
From Oslo to Bergen
From Trondheim to Oslo
Wildlife
Bearded Seals
Dog Sledding With Huskies
Eagles and Gulls in the Trollfjord
Geology
Fossils and Rocks
Fossilized Ammonites
Loket Meteorite (Czechia)
Photo Parades
Photo Parade 2023
Photo Parade 2024
Medieval History
Medieval Life
Warfare
Trebuchets
Late Medieval Swords
Medieval Art
The Choir Screen in the Cathedral of Mainz
The Gospels of Heinrich the Lion
The Hunting Frieze in Königslutter Cathedral
Medieval Monster Carvings
The Viking Treasure of Hiddensee
Craftmanship
Goldsmithery
Medical Instruments
The Hanseatic League
History of the Hanseatic League
Introduction and Beginnings
Hanseatic Architecture
Examples of Brick Architecture
Hall Houses (Dielenhäuser)
Goods and Trade
Stockfish Trade
Towns of the Hanseatic League
Riga
Stralsund
Tallinn / Reval
The Order of the Teutonic Knights
The Northern Crusades
The Conquest of Danzig
The Siege of Vilnius 1390
Vikings
Viking Material Culture
The Viking Treasure of Hiddensee
Viking Ships
The Nydam Ship
Germany
Geneaology
List of Medieval German Emperors
Anglo-German Marriage Connections
Kings and Emperors
The Salian Dynasty
King Heinrich IV
Staufen against Welfen
Emperor Otto IV
Princes and Lords
House Welfen
Heinrich the Lion's Ancestors
The Dukes of Braunschweig-Grubenhagen
Otto I of Braunschweig-Göttingen
The Landgraves of Thuringia
The Ludowing Landgraves of Thuringia
Albrecht II and Friedrich I of Thuringia
Dukes and Princes of other Families
Prince Wilhelm Malte of Putbus
Counts and Local Lords
The Marshals of Ebersburg
The Counts of Everstein
The Counts of Hohnstein
The Lords of Plesse
The Counts of Reichenbach
The Counts of Winzenburg
Feuds and Rebellions
Royal Troubles
Otto IV and Bishop Adalbert II of Magdeburg
Local Feuds
The Lüneburg Succession War
The Thuringian Succession War
The Star Wars
Great Britain
Kings of England
House Plantagenet
Richard Lionheart in Speyer
King Henry IV's Lithuanian Crusade
Normans, Britons, Angevins
Great Noble Houses
The Dukes of Brittany
The Earls of Richmond
Kings of Scots
House Dunkeld
Malcolm III and Northumbria
Struggle for the Throne: Malcolm III to David I
King David and the Civil War, 1
King David and the Civil War, 2
Houses Bruce and Stewart
The Early Stewart Kings
Welsh Princes
The Princes of Gwynedd
The Rise of House Aberffraw
Scotland and England
The Wars of Independence
Alexander of Argyll
The Fight for Stirling Castle
Wales and England
A History of Rebellion
Llywellyn ap Gruffudd to Owain Glyn Dŵr
Scandinavia
Kings of Denmark
House Knýtlinga
Harald Bluetooth's Flight to Pomerania
Kings of Norway
Foreign Relations
King Eirik's Scottish Marriages
King Håkon V's Swedish Politics
Beginnings of the Kalmar Union
Danish Rule in the Baltic Sea
The Duchy of Estonia
Danish Kings and German Sword Brothers
Feuds and Rebellions
Alv Erlingsson of Tønsberg
Livonia and Lithuania
(Livonia: Latvia and Estonia)
Lithuanian Princes
The Geminid Dynasty
Troublesome Cousins - Jogaila and Vytautas
The Northern Crusades
The Wars in Lithuania
The Siege of Vilnius 1390
Conflicts in Livonia
The History of Riga
The History of Reval (Tallinn)
Poland
Royal Dynasties
The Jagiełłonian Kings
Władysław Jagiełło and the Polish-Lithuanian Union
The Northern Crusades
The Conquest of Pomerania and Prussia
The Conquest of Danzig
Bohemia
Royal Dynasties
The Bohemian Kings of House Luxembourg
King Sigismund and the Hussite Wars
Luxembourg
House Luxembourg
King Sigismund
Roman History
The Romans at War
Forts and Fortifications
The German Limes
The Cavalry Fort Aalen
Limes Fort Osterburken
Limes Fort Saalburg
The Hadrian's Wall
Introduction
The Fort at Segedunum / Wallsend
Border Life
Exercise Halls
Mile Castles and Watch Towers
Soldiers' Living Quarters
Cavalry Barracks
Campaigns and Battles
Maps
The Romans in Germania
The Pre-Varus Invasion in Germania
Roman Camp Hedemünden
New Finds in 2008
The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest
Museum Park at Kalkriese
The Battle at the Harzhorn
Introduction
The Batavian Rebellion
A Short Introduction
Roman Militaria
Armour
Early Imperial Helmets
Late Roman Helmets
The Negau B Helmet
Weapons
Weapon Finds at Hedemünden
The pilum
Daggers
Swords
Other Equipment
Roman Saddles
Roman Life and Religion
Religion and Public Life
Religion
Curse Tablets and Good Luck Charms
Isis Worship
Memorial Stones
The Mithras Cult
Public Life
Roman Transport: Barges
Roman Transport: Amphorae and Barrels
Roman Water Supply
Architecture
Roman Public Baths
Domestic Life
Roman
villae
Villa Urbana Longuich
Villa Rustica Wachenheim
Everyday Life
Bathing Habits
Children's Toys
Face Pots
Other Times
Neolithicum to Iron Age
Germany
Development of Civilisation
European Bread Museum, Ebergötzen
The Hutewald Project in the Solling
Open Air Museum Oerlinghausen
Neolithic Remains
Stone Burials of the Funnelbeaker Culture
The Necropolis of Oldendorf
Bronze Age / Iron Age
The Nydam Ship
Scotland
Neolithic Orkney
The Neolithic Landscape of Orkney
Ring of Brodgar
Skara Brae
Life in Skara Brae
Bronze Age / Iron Age
Clava Cairns
The Brochs of Gurness and Midhowe - Their Function in Iron Age Society
Scandinavia
Bronze / Iron Age
The Ship Setting of Gnisvärd / Gotland
Post-Medieval History
Development of Technologies
Otto von Guericke and the Magdeburg Hemispheres
Attempts at Raising the Vasa Wreck
Explorers
Fram Expedition to the North Pole
Fram Expedition to the South Pole
Arts and Literature
The Weimar Classicism