My Travel and History Blog, Focussing mostly on Roman and Mediaeval Times
26 Jul 2007
Roman Saddles
Roman saddles look somewhat different from the English ones I'm used to. They're probably closer to Western saddles though my experience with those is limited to one ride, and it felt pretty unusual for someone trained in the classical style.
Roman saddle from the side; the horse's head would be to the right
Since Roman saddles had no stirrups, they used four horns to support the rider. It's quite comfortable, but movements are more limited than with stirrups. If you want to stand up to have more swinging room for a cavalry spatha, you need to rely on pressing knees and lower legs against the horse's flancs. Stirrups were an improvement there. Also, the horns can get in the way if you want to turn in the saddle to fight someone sneaking up from behind.
Roman saddle, seen from the front angle
(pictures taken in Carlisle Museum)
I'm not sure if most auxiliary cavarly used the same sort of saddle - we know from the Numidian mounted archers that they used no saddle at all but only a blanket. Heavy cavalry like the Parthian cataphracti used a saddle of similar style to keep a firm seat to balance the impact of a close attack with the lance. Cataphracti can be compared to Mediaeval knights to some extent, only the latter knew stirrups. But Mediaeval saddles are different from modern ones in having higher support in front and back as well.
Roman saddles look somewhat different from the English ones I'm used to. They're probably closer to Western saddles though my experience with those is limited to one ride, and it felt pretty unusual for someone trained in the classical style.
Since Roman saddles had no stirrups, they used four horns to support the rider. It's quite comfortable, but movements are more limited than with stirrups. If you want to stand up to have more swinging room for a cavalry spatha, you need to rely on pressing knees and lower legs against the horse's flancs. Stirrups were an improvement there. Also, the horns can get in the way if you want to turn in the saddle to fight someone sneaking up from behind.
(pictures taken in Carlisle Museum)
I'm not sure if most auxiliary cavarly used the same sort of saddle - we know from the Numidian mounted archers that they used no saddle at all but only a blanket. Heavy cavalry like the Parthian cataphracti used a saddle of similar style to keep a firm seat to balance the impact of a close attack with the lance. Cataphracti can be compared to Mediaeval knights to some extent, only the latter knew stirrups. But Mediaeval saddles are different from modern ones in having higher support in front and back as well.
24 Jul 2007
Where Richard III is Hanging Out
The little Richard III Museum in York is located in the Monk Bar Gate, one of the gate houses of the town fortifications. Since I was looking at the fortifications anyway, and some of my blog friends are Richard III 'fans', I decided to have a look and maybe take some pics. I didn't regret it.
Monk Bar Gate, seen from the battlements
It's a bit of a fan museum, with lovingly drawn geneaologies, information tablets and some decorations like banners and replica of period armour. They also sell books and such. Central part is the audio tape trial the plays via loudspeakers in the main room, and a volume where you can add your own verdict. Someone wrote 'George Bush'. :) Read more »
The little Richard III Museum in York is located in the Monk Bar Gate, one of the gate houses of the town fortifications. Since I was looking at the fortifications anyway, and some of my blog friends are Richard III 'fans', I decided to have a look and maybe take some pics. I didn't regret it.
It's a bit of a fan museum, with lovingly drawn geneaologies, information tablets and some decorations like banners and replica of period armour. They also sell books and such. Central part is the audio tape trial the plays via loudspeakers in the main room, and a volume where you can add your own verdict. Someone wrote 'George Bush'. :) Read more »
17 Jul 2007
Mithraeum at Brocolita (Carrawburgh)
Mithras came from the Mespotamian and Persian pantheon, god of light, of oaths and treaties, of truth and justice. He supposedly was the god of the warrior élites in Mesopotamia and Persia, though in the latter religion he stood in competition to Ahura Mazda.
His cult was carried west by the soldiers of the Roman Empire, and at the end of the first century AD he had become one of the most popular gods among the soldiers. Caves and grottos were now seen as places sacred to Mithras. The Mithras mysteries were celebrated in subterranean buildings, the mithraea. A good number of these has been discoverd all over the Roman Empire. Central part of the celebration was the killing of a bull, replaying the killing of the primordial bull by Mithras, the fight of Good against Bad, in some versions the creation of life.
Mithraeum at Brocolita, overview
Even some emperors (Commodus, Julian Apostata) became members of the Mithras mysteries. Because of its popularity, the cult stood in competition with the Christian religion, and there were similarities between both. The Mithras cult knew something like the last supper where the members shared bread and wine in commemoration of the last supper Mithras shared with his disciples before he entered his sun chariot and descended to heaven. They also believed in ressurrection and eternal life after the body went through the spheres of the planets (the 7 then known) and some sort of final judgement. Read more »
Mithras came from the Mespotamian and Persian pantheon, god of light, of oaths and treaties, of truth and justice. He supposedly was the god of the warrior élites in Mesopotamia and Persia, though in the latter religion he stood in competition to Ahura Mazda.
His cult was carried west by the soldiers of the Roman Empire, and at the end of the first century AD he had become one of the most popular gods among the soldiers. Caves and grottos were now seen as places sacred to Mithras. The Mithras mysteries were celebrated in subterranean buildings, the mithraea. A good number of these has been discoverd all over the Roman Empire. Central part of the celebration was the killing of a bull, replaying the killing of the primordial bull by Mithras, the fight of Good against Bad, in some versions the creation of life.
Even some emperors (Commodus, Julian Apostata) became members of the Mithras mysteries. Because of its popularity, the cult stood in competition with the Christian religion, and there were similarities between both. The Mithras cult knew something like the last supper where the members shared bread and wine in commemoration of the last supper Mithras shared with his disciples before he entered his sun chariot and descended to heaven. They also believed in ressurrection and eternal life after the body went through the spheres of the planets (the 7 then known) and some sort of final judgement. Read more »
15 Jul 2007
Let's Go Swimming
Here is another picture post in need of a rewrite. This time it's some Roman baths at the Hadrian's Wall.
Cilurnum (Chesters), view from the bath to the river Tyne
And proof that the sun shines in Britannia, sometimes. It was a lovely day. I sat in the grass and had some tea while enjoying the view. Read more »
Here is another picture post in need of a rewrite. This time it's some Roman baths at the Hadrian's Wall.
And proof that the sun shines in Britannia, sometimes. It was a lovely day. I sat in the grass and had some tea while enjoying the view. Read more »
7 Jul 2007
Carlisle Castle - A Brief History
The site at the British west coast, known first as Luguvallium and part of the Hadrian's Wall defenses, had seen a sequence of Roman forts from the 1st to 4th centuries AD, and then the turbulent times when Romano-Britains, Anglo-Saxons, Picts, Scots and Vikings strove for power; at that time the place was known as Caer Ligualid.
The next traceable step in the history of fortifications took place in 1092. In the wake of the Norman conquest, William Rufus, son of William the Conqueror, raised a castle on the old Roman site, a Norman style motte and bailey construction made of timber. He had pushed the Scottish frontier north of Carlisle and needed a strong border fortification. During the following century it was refortified in stone by Henry I. The 12th-century stone keep is the oldest surviving structure in the castle, which was frequently 'updated' in the centuries to follow. For example, the rounded, shot-deflecting battlements of the keep were added when Henry VIII adapted the castle for artillery in 1540.
Carlisle Castle
King David of Scotland captured Carlisle Castle in 1135. He used the unruly times of the anarchy caused by the struggles between Stephen and Maud to attempt and add Northumbria (he was Earl of Northumberland) to Scotland. He finished the stone keep begun by Henry I. David died at Carlise in 1153, and a year later Henry II ascended to the English throne and put an end to the internal strife for good. Read more »
The site at the British west coast, known first as Luguvallium and part of the Hadrian's Wall defenses, had seen a sequence of Roman forts from the 1st to 4th centuries AD, and then the turbulent times when Romano-Britains, Anglo-Saxons, Picts, Scots and Vikings strove for power; at that time the place was known as Caer Ligualid.
The next traceable step in the history of fortifications took place in 1092. In the wake of the Norman conquest, William Rufus, son of William the Conqueror, raised a castle on the old Roman site, a Norman style motte and bailey construction made of timber. He had pushed the Scottish frontier north of Carlisle and needed a strong border fortification. During the following century it was refortified in stone by Henry I. The 12th-century stone keep is the oldest surviving structure in the castle, which was frequently 'updated' in the centuries to follow. For example, the rounded, shot-deflecting battlements of the keep were added when Henry VIII adapted the castle for artillery in 1540.
King David of Scotland captured Carlisle Castle in 1135. He used the unruly times of the anarchy caused by the struggles between Stephen and Maud to attempt and add Northumbria (he was Earl of Northumberland) to Scotland. He finished the stone keep begun by Henry I. David died at Carlise in 1153, and a year later Henry II ascended to the English throne and put an end to the internal strife for good. Read more »
18 Jun 2007
Hadrian's Wall - First Impressions and Introduction
The anonymous 4th century Historia Augusta mentions that Emperor Hadrian "had a wall built to separate Romans and barbarians". It stretches 80 Roman miles (73 British miles, 123 kilometres) all the way from modern Newcastle / Wallsend to Bowness-on-Solway in the west. Building began in 122 AD, but ideas for a more permanent frontier in different parts of the expanding empire had been discussed before. Nor was the Hadrian's Wall the only solid border defense - the German Limes, an earth wall and palisade construction across the area between Rhine and Danube, was erected during the same time.
Remains of the Wall at Birdoswald
Such frontiers served to control traffic - trade and thus taxes, and migration - not to separate people the way the Berlin Wall did. The Hadrian's Wall had mile castles every mile, and most of them, as well as the forts, protected gates. Between each mile castle lay two observation turrets, though the structure was sometimes interrupted by major forts directly at the Wall, like Housesteads. Read more »
The anonymous 4th century Historia Augusta mentions that Emperor Hadrian "had a wall built to separate Romans and barbarians". It stretches 80 Roman miles (73 British miles, 123 kilometres) all the way from modern Newcastle / Wallsend to Bowness-on-Solway in the west. Building began in 122 AD, but ideas for a more permanent frontier in different parts of the expanding empire had been discussed before. Nor was the Hadrian's Wall the only solid border defense - the German Limes, an earth wall and palisade construction across the area between Rhine and Danube, was erected during the same time.
Such frontiers served to control traffic - trade and thus taxes, and migration - not to separate people the way the Berlin Wall did. The Hadrian's Wall had mile castles every mile, and most of them, as well as the forts, protected gates. Between each mile castle lay two observation turrets, though the structure was sometimes interrupted by major forts directly at the Wall, like Housesteads. Read more »
6 Apr 2007
The Bursfelde Abbey and some of Heinrich the Lion's Ancestors
You got the Edwards, I got the Heinrichs. *grin*
There's a tie in with my local history. The Abbey of Bursfelde was founded in 1093 as Benedictine monastery by Heinrich nicknamed 'the Fat' of Northeim. His father was Otto of Northeim, Duke of Bavaria, leader of the Saxon rebels against Emperor Heinrich IV (1050-1106; the one who had big troubles with Pope Gregor VII and whose name is best known in connection with the events taking place at Canossa 1077.
Bursfelde Abbey Church in the evening sun.
Saxony at that time encompassed an aera that roughly corresponds to todays counties of Lower Saxony, Saxony and Saxony-Anhalt. Heinrich the Lion extended Saxony to what is now the border to Poland in the 12th century. It was a checkerboard of feudal and allodial lands and complex loyalties. Read more »
You got the Edwards, I got the Heinrichs. *grin*
There's a tie in with my local history. The Abbey of Bursfelde was founded in 1093 as Benedictine monastery by Heinrich nicknamed 'the Fat' of Northeim. His father was Otto of Northeim, Duke of Bavaria, leader of the Saxon rebels against Emperor Heinrich IV (1050-1106; the one who had big troubles with Pope Gregor VII and whose name is best known in connection with the events taking place at Canossa 1077.
Saxony at that time encompassed an aera that roughly corresponds to todays counties of Lower Saxony, Saxony and Saxony-Anhalt. Heinrich the Lion extended Saxony to what is now the border to Poland in the 12th century. It was a checkerboard of feudal and allodial lands and complex loyalties. Read more »
14 Oct 2006
Roman Spears and Axes
Most of the artefacts excavated at Hedemünden Fort were shown in the local museum of Northeim, a small town north of Göttingen. Photographing in museums is a challenge, if allowed at all, but I managed to get a few decent pics.
Spear points found at Hedemünden
The iron hasta points were attached to wooden shafts. In the right upper corner you can see the iron butt spikes of the shaft end, and the yellowish one in the middle of the pic has been left uncleaned after finding to show what the archaeologists deal with. Read more »
Most of the artefacts excavated at Hedemünden Fort were shown in the local museum of Northeim, a small town north of Göttingen. Photographing in museums is a challenge, if allowed at all, but I managed to get a few decent pics.
The iron hasta points were attached to wooden shafts. In the right upper corner you can see the iron butt spikes of the shaft end, and the yellowish one in the middle of the pic has been left uncleaned after finding to show what the archaeologists deal with. Read more »
27 Sept 2006
The Roman Fort at Hedemünden - Introduction
Forest at Hedemünden
During this time, a base camp was established some 65-90 metres above the valley of a Werra ford, near a village now called Hedemünden. The fortress protected the ways that connected the lands of the Chatti (basically northern Hessia and southern Lower Saxony) with the lands of the Marcomanni (who migrated from the Main river to Bohemia) and Cherusci (middle and northern Lower Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt). The exact borders between the tribes are still disputed and the Roman sources none too clear. In a country of woodcovered hills and mountains, paths and rivers were strategically important. The fort at Hedemünden is so far the easternmost proof for a more permanent Roman presence between Rhine and Elbe; the known forts and settlements are all closer to the Rhine/Main/Lippe area. Read more »
Since Caesar established the provinces of Gallia Lugdunensis and Gallia Belgica west of the Rhine in about 50 BC, the German tribes had developed a habit to cross the river and raid the richer places along the border. To put an end to this, Nero Claudius Drusus the Elder (known as Drusus) and Tiberius Claudius Nero (Tiberius) led several campaigns into the lands of the Cherusci and Chatti and pushed as far as the Elbe (Albis) between 16 and 9 BC. They managed to play the tribes and families against each other, and for some years it looked like Germania Transrhenania could become a Roman province.
During this time, a base camp was established some 65-90 metres above the valley of a Werra ford, near a village now called Hedemünden. The fortress protected the ways that connected the lands of the Chatti (basically northern Hessia and southern Lower Saxony) with the lands of the Marcomanni (who migrated from the Main river to Bohemia) and Cherusci (middle and northern Lower Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt). The exact borders between the tribes are still disputed and the Roman sources none too clear. In a country of woodcovered hills and mountains, paths and rivers were strategically important. The fort at Hedemünden is so far the easternmost proof for a more permanent Roman presence between Rhine and Elbe; the known forts and settlements are all closer to the Rhine/Main/Lippe area. Read more »
9 Aug 2006
The Museum Park at Kalkriese
Below is an overview photo taken from the museum tower. Of course, the landscape has changed a lot since 9 AD; what was a nasty bog where the Romans got stuck are now fields; the hill on the other side is less high because the land has risen thanks to a fertilizing system that used cut out grass sods turned upside down (the layer is about three metres today) trees have been felled.
Picture taken from the watchtower (not a Roman one, a modern building that also houses the museum
The winding grey way in the middle that cuts right through the iron enclave in the centre of the picture is the Roman marching line; to the left is the woodcovered hill, to the right the former swamp. Within the area enclosed by ruddy iron plates, the original landscape, forest, German wall and wicker defenses, small sandy stripe and bog have been reconstructed. Read more »
Below is an overview photo taken from the museum tower. Of course, the landscape has changed a lot since 9 AD; what was a nasty bog where the Romans got stuck are now fields; the hill on the other side is less high because the land has risen thanks to a fertilizing system that used cut out grass sods turned upside down (the layer is about three metres today) trees have been felled.
The winding grey way in the middle that cuts right through the iron enclave in the centre of the picture is the Roman marching line; to the left is the woodcovered hill, to the right the former swamp. Within the area enclosed by ruddy iron plates, the original landscape, forest, German wall and wicker defenses, small sandy stripe and bog have been reconstructed. Read more »
5 Mar 2006
Otto von Guericke and the Magdeburg Hemispheres
I don't know how popular the Magdeburg hemispheres, the first device to demonstrate the existence of a vacuum, are in other countries, here every school kid has heard about them, though I suppose most would give you some variation of "äh, well, ahem ..." if questioned about the details. I admit, I had to look them up, too.
Otto von Guericke (1602-1686, more about him below) joined two copper hemispheres of 51 cm diameter - the juncture covered by leather soaked in wax and oil - and pumped the air out of the enclosure with a piston air pump he also invented. Then he harnessed a team of eight horses to each hemisphere and showed that they were not able to separate the hemispheres. When air was again let into the enclosure, they were easily separated. Guericke thus proved that substances were not pulled by a vacuum, but were pushed by the pressure of the surrounding fluids. Read more »
I don't know how popular the Magdeburg hemispheres, the first device to demonstrate the existence of a vacuum, are in other countries, here every school kid has heard about them, though I suppose most would give you some variation of "äh, well, ahem ..." if questioned about the details. I admit, I had to look them up, too.
Otto von Guericke (1602-1686, more about him below) joined two copper hemispheres of 51 cm diameter - the juncture covered by leather soaked in wax and oil - and pumped the air out of the enclosure with a piston air pump he also invented. Then he harnessed a team of eight horses to each hemisphere and showed that they were not able to separate the hemispheres. When air was again let into the enclosure, they were easily separated. Guericke thus proved that substances were not pulled by a vacuum, but were pushed by the pressure of the surrounding fluids. Read more »
24 Feb 2006
Alien Architecture
This futuristic looking construction is called Josephskreuz (Joseph's Cross). It has nothing to do with the biblical character, but with one Joseph Count of Stolberg who in 1832 commissioned a tower to be built on the Auerberg near the town of Stolberg (Harz mountains).
The famous Berlin architect Karl Friedrich Schinkel designed a wooden tower ending in a double-armed cross. It had no stairs but could be climbed by ladders. In 1880 the building was destroyed by lightning, and some 15 years later the ducal house of Stolberg and the Club of the Friends of the Harz shared in the costs of erecting a new tower. The double cross design of Schinkel was kept, but the material used was iron bars, imitating the Eiffel Tower. It weighs 125 tons. A staircase was built inside the construction, 200 stairs to climb the 38 metres high tower. After you've walked up the mountain for some three kilometres of winding pathes. :-)
My father visited the place as a boy, and back then the Josephskreuz had the same brownish iron colour as the Eiffel Tower. Since the Stolberg area was part of Eastern Germany, the tower wasn't kept up and had eventually be closed for visitors. It was renovated and reopened in 1990. Though I have no idea who is responsible for the weird green colour.
This futuristic looking construction is called Josephskreuz (Joseph's Cross). It has nothing to do with the biblical character, but with one Joseph Count of Stolberg who in 1832 commissioned a tower to be built on the Auerberg near the town of Stolberg (Harz mountains).
The famous Berlin architect Karl Friedrich Schinkel designed a wooden tower ending in a double-armed cross. It had no stairs but could be climbed by ladders. In 1880 the building was destroyed by lightning, and some 15 years later the ducal house of Stolberg and the Club of the Friends of the Harz shared in the costs of erecting a new tower. The double cross design of Schinkel was kept, but the material used was iron bars, imitating the Eiffel Tower. It weighs 125 tons. A staircase was built inside the construction, 200 stairs to climb the 38 metres high tower. After you've walked up the mountain for some three kilometres of winding pathes. :-)
My father visited the place as a boy, and back then the Josephskreuz had the same brownish iron colour as the Eiffel Tower. Since the Stolberg area was part of Eastern Germany, the tower wasn't kept up and had eventually be closed for visitors. It was renovated and reopened in 1990. Though I have no idea who is responsible for the weird green colour.
18 Sept 2005
Brick Cathedrals - St. Mary's Church in Lübeck
This post will be rewritten with digital photos from a later visit to Lübeck.
St. Mary's Church (Marienkirche) was commissioned by the Council of Lübeck, and competed with the Cathedral, which was founded by Duke Heinrich and later became the church of the bishop. It replaced an older Romanesque church (which in its turn replaced the first wooden construction from 1160). Surrounded by houses and the Town Hall, St. Mary's Church is imposing from the outside - albeit you have to crane your neck back to see most of it - yet more so from the inside. It is a basilica with three naves and a choir; the middle nave being higher than the side naves so that light streams in from the windows, as you can see on the pic (which also shows the flying buttresses). The church is made of brick stones, but inside it is mostly painted in white; the edges of the pillar-supported arcs that hold the elaborate roof construction, are painted with red, dark green and golden ornaments.
The first impression, especially on a sunny day, is the brightness of the inside, and the enormous height of the naves (main nave 38.5 metres). The naves are separated by rows of pillars to hold the arched roof segments, the arcs are not perfect half-rounds, but slightly pointed (typical for the Gothic style), and the pillars are very slender, which adds to the impression of height and makes you feel like you are walking though a white alley of stone. With a length of 104 metres and a bredth of 58 metres, the church can well compete with its models, the great 13th century French cathedrals, While St. Mary's Church in the present form was built from 1251 onwards with the last finishing touches added about 1310, the simple ornaments are more like the older churches, not like the maginificent facades of fe. York Minster. Read more »
St. Mary's Church (Marienkirche) was commissioned by the Council of Lübeck, and competed with the Cathedral, which was founded by Duke Heinrich and later became the church of the bishop. It replaced an older Romanesque church (which in its turn replaced the first wooden construction from 1160). Surrounded by houses and the Town Hall, St. Mary's Church is imposing from the outside - albeit you have to crane your neck back to see most of it - yet more so from the inside. It is a basilica with three naves and a choir; the middle nave being higher than the side naves so that light streams in from the windows, as you can see on the pic (which also shows the flying buttresses). The church is made of brick stones, but inside it is mostly painted in white; the edges of the pillar-supported arcs that hold the elaborate roof construction, are painted with red, dark green and golden ornaments.
The first impression, especially on a sunny day, is the brightness of the inside, and the enormous height of the naves (main nave 38.5 metres). The naves are separated by rows of pillars to hold the arched roof segments, the arcs are not perfect half-rounds, but slightly pointed (typical for the Gothic style), and the pillars are very slender, which adds to the impression of height and makes you feel like you are walking though a white alley of stone. With a length of 104 metres and a bredth of 58 metres, the church can well compete with its models, the great 13th century French cathedrals, While St. Mary's Church in the present form was built from 1251 onwards with the last finishing touches added about 1310, the simple ornaments are more like the older churches, not like the maginificent facades of fe. York Minster. Read more »
26 Aug 2005
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This Privacy Policy governs the manner in which The Lost Fort, hosted by Blogger/Google ("we") and run by Gabriele Campbell, Germany, collects, uses, maintains and discloses information collected from users (each, a "User") of the https://lostfort.blogspot.com website ("Site"). Read more »
22 May 2005
Archive of Blog Entries
Germany
• Towns
• Castles
• Abbeys and Churches
• Romans Remains
• Neolithicum and Bronze Age
• Museums
• Local Tours
England
Scotland
Wales
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City Trips
Landscapes and Geology
Germany
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Photo Parades
Medieval Life
Hanseatic League
Teutonic Knights
Vikings
Germany
Great Britain
Scandinavia
Lithuania and Livonia
Poland
Bohemia
Low Countries
Roman History
The Romans at War
Life and Religion
Other Times
Neolithicum to Iron Age
Post-Medieval History
Germany
Towns
Bad Sooden-Allendorf
Historical Town and Graduation Tower
Bruchteiche Reservoir
Binz
A Seaside Resort
Braunschweig
Medieval Braunschweig
Lion Benches in the Castle Square
The Quadriga
Erfurt
Medieval Erfurt
Goslar
Medieval Goslar
Chapel in the Klus Rock
Lübeck
St. Mary's Church
Magdeburg
Church of Our Lady: History
Mainz
The Temple of Isis and Mater Magna
Paderborn
Medieval Paderborn
Quedlinburg
Medieval Quedlinburg
The Chapter Church
Speyer
The Cathedral: Architecture
Jewish Ritual Bath
Stralsund
The Harbour
The Old Town
Treffurt
Medieval Lanes and Old Houses
Trier
The Roman Amphitheatre
The Aula Palatina
The Imperial Baths
The Porta Nigra
Weimar
Sites of the Weimar Classicism
The Park at the Ilm
Wismar
The Old Harbour
Xanten
Roman and Medieval Xanten
The Gothic House
Castles
Adelebsen
The Keep
Altenstein (Werra)
A Border Castle
Bramburg
Weser River Reivers
Brandenburg (Thuringia)
The Beginnings
Albrecht II of Thuringia
Coburg Fortress
History
Architecture
Ebersburg
The Marshals of Ebersburg
Architecture
Grebenstein
History
Grubenhagen
History of the Keep
Hanstein
Introduction
Hardeg Castle
The Great Hall
Hardenberg
History
Heldenburg (Salzderhelden)
A Welfen Seat
Hohnstein (Harz)
The Counts of Hohnstein
Between Welfen and Staufen
14th-15th Century
Krukenburg
Built to Protect a Chapel
Kugelsburg
The Counts of Everstein
Later Times
Plesse
The Counts of Winzenburg
The Lords of Plesse
Architecture
Polle Castle
An Everstein Stronghold
Regenstein
History
Reichenbach (Hessia)
History
Sababurg
Photo Impressions
Scharfenstein
From Castle to Convention Centre
Scharzfels
History
Architecture
Sichelnstein
History
Stauffenburg (Harz)
A Secret Mistress
Stapelburg
A Little Known Ruin in the Harz
Trendelburg
Photo Impressions
Wartburg
A Virtual Tour
Weidelsburg
History
Architecture
Revisiting the Weidelsburg
Abbeys and Churches
Bursfelde
Early History of the Abbey
Fredelsloh
A Romanesque Basilica
Gehrden
A Romanesque Church
Göllingen
The Byzantine Crypt
Hahnenklee
The Stave Church
Heiligenstadt
Churches St.Martin and St.Mary
Helmarshausen
Remains of the Monastery
Lippoldsberg
Early History of the Abbey
Interior of the Church
Lorsch
The Carolingian Gate Hall
Pöhlde
Remains of the Monastery
Scharzfeld (Harz)
The Cave Church
Vernawahlshausen
Medieval Murals
Walkenried
The Monastery - Introduction
Wiebrechtshausen
Romanesque Church and a Ducal Burial
Wilhelmshausen (Kassel)
The Romanesque Church
Roman Remains
Augusta Treverorum / Trier
The Amphitheatre
The Aula Palatina
The Imperial Baths
The Porta Nigra
The Roman Bridge
Colonia Ulpia Traiana / Xanten
Roman Xanten
The Amphitheatre in Birten
Limes Fort Aalen
The Barracks
Limes Fort Osterburken
The Discovery
The Cohort castellum
The Annex Fort
The Garrisons
Limes Fort Saalburg
A Reconstructed Limes Fort
Shrine of the Standards
Haltern am See
Romans in Haltern
Playmobil Romans, LWL Museum Haltern
Varus Statue See
Romans at the Moselle
Romans at the Moselle
The Villa Urbana in Longuich
Romans at the Rhine
Boppard - The Roman Baudobriga
The Villa at Wachenheim
Neolithicum and Bronze Age
Neolithic Burials
Neolithic Burials in the Everstorf Forest and Rugia
The Necropolis of Oldendorf
Bronze Age
Bronze and Iron Age Remains at the Werra
Museums / Reconstructed Sites
Palatine Seat Tilleda
The Defenses
Viking Settlement Haithabu
The Nydam Ship
Open Air Museums
European Bread Museum Ebergötzen
Open Air Museum Oerlinghausen
Post-Mediaeval Exhibits
Historical Guns, Coburg Fortress
Vintage Car Museum, Wolfsburg
Local Tours
Harz Tours
Summer Tour 2016
England
Northumbria Tour
Towns
Chester
Roman and Medieval Chester
Hexham
The Abbey - Introduction
The Old Gaol
York
Clifford Tower
The Guild Hall
Monk Bar Gate with Richard III Museum
Museum Gardens
Houses in the Old Town
York Minster: Architecture
Castles
Carlisle
History
Richmond
Conquest to King John
Henry III to the Tudors
Architecture
Scarborough
Romans to the Tudors
Civil War to the Present
Architecture
Roman Remains
Eboracum / York
Roman Bath in the Fortress
Wall Fort Birdoswald
The Dark Age Timber Halls
Wall Fort Segedunum
Museum and Viewing Tower
The Baths
Other Roman Sites
The Mithraeum at Brocolita
The Signal Station at Scarborough
Scotland
Scotland Tour
Towns
Edinburgh
Views from the Castle
Stirling
The Wallace Monument
Castles
Doune
A Virtual Tour
The Early Stewart Kings
Royal Dower House
Duart Castle
Guarding the Sound of Mull
Dunstaffnage
An Ancient MacDougall Stronghold
The Wars of Independence
The Campbells Are Coming
Dunstaffnage Chapel
Stirling
Robert the Bruce
Abbeys and Churches
Inchcolm
Arriving at Inchcolm Abbey
Neolithicum and Bronze Age
Neolithic Orkney
Ring of Brodgar
Skara Brae
Brochs and Cairns
Clava Cairns
The Brochs of Gurness and Midhowe - Introduction
Picts and Dalriatans
Dunadd Hill Fort
Staffa
Wales
Towns
Aberystwyth
Castle and Coast
Caerleon
The Ffwrwm
The Roman Amphitheatre
The Baths in the Legionary Fort
Conwy
The Smallest House in Great Britain
Castles
Beaumaris
History
Architecture
Caernarfon
Master James of St.George
The Castle Kitchens
Cardiff
From Romans to Victorians
Chepstow
Beginnings unto Bigod
Edward II to the Tudors
Civil War
Conwy
History
Architecture
Criccieth
Llywelyn's Buildings
King Edward's Buildings
Manorbier
The Pleasantest Spot in Wales
Pembroke
Photo Impressions
The Caves Under the Castle
Roman Remains
Isca Silurum / Caerleon
The Amphitheatre
The Baths in the Legionary Fort
Denmark
Denmark Tour, Part 1 / Part 2
Castles
Egeskov Castle
The Gardens
Finland
Towns
Porvoo
Medieval Porvoo
Norway
Castles and Fortresses
Akershus Fortress in Oslo
Kings and Pirates
The Time of King Håkon V
Architecture
Vardøhus Fortress
History
Museums
The Fram Museum in Oslo
Sweden
Neolithicum and Bronze Age
Gotland
Gnisvärd Ship Setting
Museums
The Vasa Museum in Stockholm
Raising the Vasa Wreck
Estonia
Baltics Tour, Part 1 / Part 2
Towns
Tallinn
The History of Medieval Tallinn
Latvia
Baltics Tour, Part 1 / Part 2
Towns
Riga
The History of Medieval Riga
Lithuania
Lithuania Tour, Part 1 / Part 2
Towns
Vilnius
Photo Impressions
Czechia
Czechia Tour
Towns
Cheb / Eger
The Old Town
Karlovy Vary / Karlsbad
Brief History of the Town
Kutná Hora
The Sedlec Ossuary
The Medieval Town and St.Barbara's Church
Poland
Poland Tour
Towns
Gdańsk / Danzig
History of Medieval Gdańsk
Medieval and Renaissance Gdańsk
Kraków
The Old Town
Jewish Kraków - Kazimierz and the Ghetto
Wrocław / Breslau
The Botanical Garden
The Wrocław Dwarfs
Castles
Ogrodzieniec Castle
A Virtual Tour
First Castle to the Boner Family
Belgium
Towns
Antwerp
The Old Town
Bruges
Medieval Bruges
Ghent
Medieval Ghent
Tongeren
Medieval Buildings
Roman Remains
Atuatuca Tungrorum / Tongeren
Roman Remains in the Town
Luxembourg
Towns
Luxembourg City
A Tour of the Town
City Trips
Strasbourg (France)
A Tour of the Town
St. Petersburg (Russia)
Impressions from the Neva River
Landscapes and Geology
Germany
Baltic Sea Coast
Flensburg Firth
Impressions from Rugia
Rugia: Flint Fields
Rugia: Jasmund Peninsula and Kap Arkona
Rugia: The Pier of Sellin
A Tour on the Wakenitz River
Lüneburg Heath
Hiking in the Lüneburg Heath
Harz National Park
A Collection of Tours
Arboretum Bad Grund / Hübichenstein
Bode Valley and Rosstrappe Cliff
Daneil's Cave
Devil's Wall
Ilse Valley and Ilse's Rock
Klus Rock
Lonau Falls
Oderteich Reservoir
Rappbode Reservoir
Rhume Springs
Southern Harz Karst
National Park Hainich
Oberderdorla and Hainich National Park
Nature Park Meissner-Kaufunger Wald
Blue Dome near Eschwege
Hiking in the Meissner
Hessian Switzerland
Rossbach Heath
Salt Springs at the Werra
Nature Park Reinhardswald
Old Forest at the Sababurg
Nature Park Solling-Vogler
The Forest Pasture Project
Hannover Cliffs
Raised Bog Mecklenbruch
Pretty Places in Göttingen
Spring in the Parks of Göttingen
Winter Impressions
Rivers and Lakes
Autumn at Werra/Weser
The Danube in Spring
Edersee Reservoir
A Rainy Rhine Cruise
Vineyards at Saale/Unstrut
Weser River Ferry
Weser Skywalk
Wildlife
Harz Falcon Park
Ozeaneum Stralsund: Baltic Sea Life
Ozeaneum Stralsund: North Sea Life
Red squirrels
Fossils and Rocks
Fossilized Ammonites
Baltic Countries
Baltic Sea Cruise
Lithuania
Beaches at the Curonian Spit
Geology of the Curonian Spit
Central Europe
Fossils and Rocks
Loket Meteorite (Czechia)
Great Britain
The East Coast
By Ferry to Newcastle
Impressions from the East Coast
Scottish Sea Shores
Crossing to Mull
Mull: Craignure to Fionnphort
Dunollie and Kilchurn
Highland Mountains: Inverness to John o'Groats
Pentland Firth
Staffa
Summer in Oban
Scotland by Train
West Highland Railway
Wildlife
Sea Gulls
Scandinavia
The Hurtigruten-Tour
A Voyage into Winter
Light and Shadows
Norway by Train
From Oslo to Bergen
From Trondheim to Oslo
Wildlife
Bearded Seals
Dog Sledding With Huskies
Eagles and Gulls in the Trollfjord
Photo Parades
Photo Parade 2023
Photo Parade 2024
Medieval Life
Warfare
Trebuchets
Late Medieval Swords
Medieval Art
The Choir Screen in the Cathedral of Mainz
The Gospels of Heinrich the Lion
The Hunting Frieze in Königslutter Cathedral
Medieval Monster Carvings
The Viking Treasure of Hiddensee
Craftmanship
Goldsmithery
Medical Instruments
The Hanseatic League
History of the Hanseatic League
Introduction and Beginnings
Hanseatic Architecture
Examples of Brick Architecture
Hall Houses (Dielenhäuser)
Goods and Trade
Stockfish Trade
Towns of the Hanseatic League
Riga
Stralsund
Tallinn / Reval
The Order of the Teutonic Knights
The Northern Crusades
The Conquest of Danzig
The Siege of Vilnius 1390
Vikings
Viking Material Culture
The Viking Treasure of Hiddensee
Viking Ships
The Nydam Ship
Germany
Geneaology
List of Medieval German Emperors
Anglo-German Marriage Connections
Kings and Emperors
The Salian Dynasty
King Heinrich IV
Staufen against Welfen
Emperor Otto IV
Princes and Lords
House Welfen
Heinrich the Lion's Ancestors
The Dukes of Braunschweig-Grubenhagen
Otto I of Braunschweig-Göttingen
The Landgraves of Thuringia
The Ludowing Landgraves of Thuringia
Albrecht II and Friedrich I of Thuringia
Dukes and Princes of other Families
Prince Wilhelm Malte of Putbus
Counts and Local Lords
The Marshals of Ebersburg
The Counts of Everstein
The Counts of Hohnstein
The Lords of Plesse
The Counts of Reichenbach
The Counts of Winzenburg
Feuds and Rebellions
Royal Troubles
Otto IV and Bishop Adalbert II of Magdeburg
Local Feuds
The Lüneburg Succession War
The Thuringian Succession War
The Star Wars
Great Britain
Kings of England
House Plantagenet
Richard Lionheart in Speyer
King Henry IV's Lithuanian Crusade
Normans, Britons, Angevins
Great Noble Houses
The Dukes of Brittany
The Earls of Richmond
Kings of Scots
House Dunkeld
Malcolm III and Northumbria
Struggle for the Throne: Malcolm III to David I
King David and the Civil War, 1
King David and the Civil War, 2
Houses Bruce and Stewart
The Early Stewart Kings
Welsh Princes
The Princes of Gwynedd
The Rise of House Aberffraw
Scotland and England
The Wars of Independence
Alexander of Argyll
The Fight for Stirling Castle
Wales and England
A History of Rebellion
Llywellyn ap Gruffudd to Owain Glyn Dŵr
Scandinavia
Kings of Denmark
House Knýtlinga
Harald Bluetooth's Flight to Pomerania
Kings of Norway
Foreign Relations
King Eirik's Scottish Marriages
King Håkon V's Swedish Politics
Beginnings of the Kalmar Union
Danish Rule in the Baltic Sea
The Duchy of Estonia
Danish Kings and German Sword Brothers
Feuds and Rebellions
Alv Erlingsson of Tønsberg
Livonia and Lithuania
(Livonia: Latvia and Estonia)
Lithuanian Princes
The Geminid Dynasty
Troublesome Cousins - Jogaila and Vytautas
The Northern Crusades
The Wars in Lithuania
The Siege of Vilnius 1390
Conflicts in Livonia
The History of Riga
The History of Reval (Tallinn)
Poland
Royal Dynasties
The Jagiełłonian Kings
Władysław Jagiełło and the Polish-Lithuanian Union
The Northern Crusades
The Conquest of Pomerania and Prussia
The Conquest of Danzig
Bohemia
Royal Dynasties
The Bohemian Kings of House Luxembourg
King Sigismund and the Hussite Wars
Low Countries
(Flanders, Luxembourg, Brabant, Holland)
Luxembourg
House Luxembourg
King Sigismund
Roman History
The Romans at War
Forts and Fortifications
The German Limes
The Cavalry Fort Aalen
Limes Fort Osterburken
Limes Fort Saalburg
The Hadrian's Wall
Introduction
The Fort at Segedunum / Wallsend
Border Life
Exercise Halls
Mile Castles and Watch Towers
Soldiers' Living Quarters
Cavalry Barracks
Campaigns and Battles
Maps
The Romans in Germania
The Pre-Varus Invasion in Germania
Roman Camp Hedemünden
New Finds in 2008
The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest
Museum Park at Kalkriese
The Battle at the Harzhorn
Introduction
The Batavian Rebellion
A Short Introduction
Roman Militaria
Armour
Early Imperial Helmets
Late Roman Helmets
The Negau B Helmet
Weapons
Weapon Finds at Hedemünden
The pilum
Daggers
Swords
Other Equipment
Roman Saddles
Roman Life and Religion
Religion and Public Life
Religion
Curse Tablets and Good Luck Charms
Isis Worship
Memorial Stones
The Mithras Cult
Public Life
Roman Transport: Barges
Roman Transport: Amphorae and Barrels
Roman Water Supply
Architecture
Roman Public Baths
Domestic Life
Roman villae
Villa Urbana Longuich
Villa Rustica Wachenheim
Everyday Life
Bathing Habits
Children's Toys
Face Pots
Other Times
Neolithicum to Iron Age
Germany
Development of Civilisation
European Bread Museum, Ebergötzen
The Hutewald Project in the Solling
Open Air Museum Oerlinghausen
Neolithic Remains
Stone Burials of the Funnelbeaker Culture
The Necropolis of Oldendorf
Bronze Age / Iron Age
The Nydam Ship
Scotland
Neolithic Orkney
The Neolithic Landscape of Orkney
Ring of Brodgar
Skara Brae
Life in Skara Brae
Bronze Age / Iron Age
Clava Cairns
The Brochs of Gurness and Midhowe - Their Function in Iron Age Society
Scandinavia
Bronze / Iron Age
The Ship Setting of Gnisvärd / Gotland
Post-Medieval History
Development of Technologies
Otto von Guericke and the Magdeburg Hemispheres
Attempts at Raising the Vasa Wreck
Explorers
Fram Expedition to the North Pole
Fram Expedition to the South Pole
Arts and Literature
The Weimar Classicism
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Historical PlacesGermany
• Towns
• Castles
• Abbeys and Churches
• Romans Remains
• Neolithicum and Bronze Age
• Museums
• Local Tours
England
Scotland
Wales
Denmark
Finland
Norway
Sweden
Estonia
Latvia
Lithuania
Czechia
Poland
Belgium
Luxembourg
City Trips
Landscapes and Geology
Germany
Baltic Countries
Central Europe
Great Britain
Scandinavia
Photo Parades
HISTORY
Medieval HistoryMedieval Life
Hanseatic League
Teutonic Knights
Vikings
Germany
Great Britain
Scandinavia
Lithuania and Livonia
Poland
Bohemia
Low Countries
Roman History
The Romans at War
Life and Religion
Other Times
Neolithicum to Iron Age
Post-Medieval History
TRAVELS
Historical PlacesGermany
Towns
Bad Sooden-Allendorf
Historical Town and Graduation Tower
Bruchteiche Reservoir
Binz
A Seaside Resort
Braunschweig
Medieval Braunschweig
Lion Benches in the Castle Square
The Quadriga
Erfurt
Medieval Erfurt
Goslar
Medieval Goslar
Chapel in the Klus Rock
Lübeck
St. Mary's Church
Magdeburg
Church of Our Lady: History
Mainz
The Temple of Isis and Mater Magna
Paderborn
Medieval Paderborn
Quedlinburg
Medieval Quedlinburg
The Chapter Church
Speyer
The Cathedral: Architecture
Jewish Ritual Bath
Stralsund
The Harbour
The Old Town
Treffurt
Medieval Lanes and Old Houses
Trier
The Roman Amphitheatre
The Aula Palatina
The Imperial Baths
The Porta Nigra
Weimar
Sites of the Weimar Classicism
The Park at the Ilm
Wismar
The Old Harbour
Xanten
Roman and Medieval Xanten
The Gothic House
Castles
Adelebsen
The Keep
Altenstein (Werra)
A Border Castle
Bramburg
Weser River Reivers
Brandenburg (Thuringia)
The Beginnings
Albrecht II of Thuringia
Coburg Fortress
History
Architecture
Ebersburg
The Marshals of Ebersburg
Architecture
Grebenstein
History
Grubenhagen
History of the Keep
Hanstein
Introduction
Hardeg Castle
The Great Hall
Hardenberg
History
Heldenburg (Salzderhelden)
A Welfen Seat
Hohnstein (Harz)
The Counts of Hohnstein
Between Welfen and Staufen
14th-15th Century
Krukenburg
Built to Protect a Chapel
Kugelsburg
The Counts of Everstein
Later Times
Plesse
The Counts of Winzenburg
The Lords of Plesse
Architecture
Polle Castle
An Everstein Stronghold
Regenstein
History
Reichenbach (Hessia)
History
Sababurg
Photo Impressions
Scharfenstein
From Castle to Convention Centre
Scharzfels
History
Architecture
Sichelnstein
History
Stauffenburg (Harz)
A Secret Mistress
Stapelburg
A Little Known Ruin in the Harz
Trendelburg
Photo Impressions
Wartburg
A Virtual Tour
Weidelsburg
History
Architecture
Revisiting the Weidelsburg
Abbeys and Churches
Bursfelde
Early History of the Abbey
Fredelsloh
A Romanesque Basilica
Gehrden
A Romanesque Church
Göllingen
The Byzantine Crypt
Hahnenklee
The Stave Church
Heiligenstadt
Churches St.Martin and St.Mary
Helmarshausen
Remains of the Monastery
Lippoldsberg
Early History of the Abbey
Interior of the Church
Lorsch
The Carolingian Gate Hall
Pöhlde
Remains of the Monastery
Scharzfeld (Harz)
The Cave Church
Vernawahlshausen
Medieval Murals
Walkenried
The Monastery - Introduction
Wiebrechtshausen
Romanesque Church and a Ducal Burial
Wilhelmshausen (Kassel)
The Romanesque Church
Roman Remains
Augusta Treverorum / Trier
The Amphitheatre
The Aula Palatina
The Imperial Baths
The Porta Nigra
The Roman Bridge
Colonia Ulpia Traiana / Xanten
Roman Xanten
The Amphitheatre in Birten
Limes Fort Aalen
The Barracks
Limes Fort Osterburken
The Discovery
The Cohort castellum
The Annex Fort
The Garrisons
Limes Fort Saalburg
A Reconstructed Limes Fort
Shrine of the Standards
Haltern am See
Romans in Haltern
Playmobil Romans, LWL Museum Haltern
Varus Statue See
Romans at the Moselle
Romans at the Moselle
The Villa Urbana in Longuich
Romans at the Rhine
Boppard - The Roman Baudobriga
The Villa at Wachenheim
Neolithicum and Bronze Age
Neolithic Burials
Neolithic Burials in the Everstorf Forest and Rugia
The Necropolis of Oldendorf
Bronze Age
Bronze and Iron Age Remains at the Werra
Museums / Reconstructed Sites
Palatine Seat Tilleda
The Defenses
Viking Settlement Haithabu
The Nydam Ship
Open Air Museums
European Bread Museum Ebergötzen
Open Air Museum Oerlinghausen
Post-Mediaeval Exhibits
Historical Guns, Coburg Fortress
Vintage Car Museum, Wolfsburg
Local Tours
Harz Tours
Summer Tour 2016
England
Northumbria Tour
Towns
Chester
Roman and Medieval Chester
Hexham
The Abbey - Introduction
The Old Gaol
York
Clifford Tower
The Guild Hall
Monk Bar Gate with Richard III Museum
Museum Gardens
Houses in the Old Town
York Minster: Architecture
Castles
Carlisle
History
Richmond
Conquest to King John
Henry III to the Tudors
Architecture
Scarborough
Romans to the Tudors
Civil War to the Present
Architecture
Roman Remains
Eboracum / York
Roman Bath in the Fortress
Wall Fort Birdoswald
The Dark Age Timber Halls
Wall Fort Segedunum
Museum and Viewing Tower
The Baths
Other Roman Sites
The Mithraeum at Brocolita
The Signal Station at Scarborough
Scotland
Scotland Tour
Towns
Edinburgh
Views from the Castle
Stirling
The Wallace Monument
Castles
Doune
A Virtual Tour
The Early Stewart Kings
Royal Dower House
Duart Castle
Guarding the Sound of Mull
Dunstaffnage
An Ancient MacDougall Stronghold
The Wars of Independence
The Campbells Are Coming
Dunstaffnage Chapel
Stirling
Robert the Bruce
Abbeys and Churches
Inchcolm
Arriving at Inchcolm Abbey
Neolithicum and Bronze Age
Neolithic Orkney
Ring of Brodgar
Skara Brae
Brochs and Cairns
Clava Cairns
The Brochs of Gurness and Midhowe - Introduction
Picts and Dalriatans
Dunadd Hill Fort
Staffa
Wales
Towns
Aberystwyth
Castle and Coast
Caerleon
The Ffwrwm
The Roman Amphitheatre
The Baths in the Legionary Fort
Conwy
The Smallest House in Great Britain
Castles
Beaumaris
History
Architecture
Caernarfon
Master James of St.George
The Castle Kitchens
Cardiff
From Romans to Victorians
Chepstow
Beginnings unto Bigod
Edward II to the Tudors
Civil War
Conwy
History
Architecture
Criccieth
Llywelyn's Buildings
King Edward's Buildings
Manorbier
The Pleasantest Spot in Wales
Pembroke
Photo Impressions
The Caves Under the Castle
Roman Remains
Isca Silurum / Caerleon
The Amphitheatre
The Baths in the Legionary Fort
Denmark
Denmark Tour, Part 1 / Part 2
Castles
Egeskov Castle
The Gardens
Finland
Towns
Porvoo
Medieval Porvoo
Norway
Castles and Fortresses
Akershus Fortress in Oslo
Kings and Pirates
The Time of King Håkon V
Architecture
Vardøhus Fortress
History
Museums
The Fram Museum in Oslo
Sweden
Neolithicum and Bronze Age
Gotland
Gnisvärd Ship Setting
Museums
The Vasa Museum in Stockholm
Raising the Vasa Wreck
Estonia
Baltics Tour, Part 1 / Part 2
Towns
Tallinn
The History of Medieval Tallinn
Latvia
Baltics Tour, Part 1 / Part 2
Towns
Riga
The History of Medieval Riga
Lithuania
Lithuania Tour, Part 1 / Part 2
Towns
Vilnius
Photo Impressions
Czechia
Czechia Tour
Towns
Cheb / Eger
The Old Town
Karlovy Vary / Karlsbad
Brief History of the Town
Kutná Hora
The Sedlec Ossuary
The Medieval Town and St.Barbara's Church
Poland
Poland Tour
Towns
Gdańsk / Danzig
History of Medieval Gdańsk
Medieval and Renaissance Gdańsk
Kraków
The Old Town
Jewish Kraków - Kazimierz and the Ghetto
Wrocław / Breslau
The Botanical Garden
The Wrocław Dwarfs
Castles
Ogrodzieniec Castle
A Virtual Tour
First Castle to the Boner Family
Belgium
Towns
Antwerp
The Old Town
Bruges
Medieval Bruges
Ghent
Medieval Ghent
Tongeren
Medieval Buildings
Roman Remains
Atuatuca Tungrorum / Tongeren
Roman Remains in the Town
Luxembourg
Towns
Luxembourg City
A Tour of the Town
City Trips
Strasbourg (France)
A Tour of the Town
St. Petersburg (Russia)
Impressions from the Neva River
Landscapes and Geology
Germany
Baltic Sea Coast
Flensburg Firth
Impressions from Rugia
Rugia: Flint Fields
Rugia: Jasmund Peninsula and Kap Arkona
Rugia: The Pier of Sellin
A Tour on the Wakenitz River
Lüneburg Heath
Hiking in the Lüneburg Heath
Harz National Park
A Collection of Tours
Arboretum Bad Grund / Hübichenstein
Bode Valley and Rosstrappe Cliff
Daneil's Cave
Devil's Wall
Ilse Valley and Ilse's Rock
Klus Rock
Lonau Falls
Oderteich Reservoir
Rappbode Reservoir
Rhume Springs
Southern Harz Karst
National Park Hainich
Oberderdorla and Hainich National Park
Nature Park Meissner-Kaufunger Wald
Blue Dome near Eschwege
Hiking in the Meissner
Hessian Switzerland
Rossbach Heath
Salt Springs at the Werra
Nature Park Reinhardswald
Old Forest at the Sababurg
Nature Park Solling-Vogler
The Forest Pasture Project
Hannover Cliffs
Raised Bog Mecklenbruch
Pretty Places in Göttingen
Spring in the Parks of Göttingen
Winter Impressions
Rivers and Lakes
Autumn at Werra/Weser
The Danube in Spring
Edersee Reservoir
A Rainy Rhine Cruise
Vineyards at Saale/Unstrut
Weser River Ferry
Weser Skywalk
Wildlife
Harz Falcon Park
Ozeaneum Stralsund: Baltic Sea Life
Ozeaneum Stralsund: North Sea Life
Red squirrels
Fossils and Rocks
Fossilized Ammonites
Baltic Countries
Baltic Sea Cruise
Lithuania
Beaches at the Curonian Spit
Geology of the Curonian Spit
Central Europe
Fossils and Rocks
Loket Meteorite (Czechia)
Great Britain
The East Coast
By Ferry to Newcastle
Impressions from the East Coast
Scottish Sea Shores
Crossing to Mull
Mull: Craignure to Fionnphort
Dunollie and Kilchurn
Highland Mountains: Inverness to John o'Groats
Pentland Firth
Staffa
Summer in Oban
Scotland by Train
West Highland Railway
Wildlife
Sea Gulls
Scandinavia
The Hurtigruten-Tour
A Voyage into Winter
Light and Shadows
Norway by Train
From Oslo to Bergen
From Trondheim to Oslo
Wildlife
Bearded Seals
Dog Sledding With Huskies
Eagles and Gulls in the Trollfjord
Photo Parades
Photo Parade 2023
Photo Parade 2024
HISTORY
Medieval HistoryMedieval Life
Warfare
Trebuchets
Late Medieval Swords
Medieval Art
The Choir Screen in the Cathedral of Mainz
The Gospels of Heinrich the Lion
The Hunting Frieze in Königslutter Cathedral
Medieval Monster Carvings
The Viking Treasure of Hiddensee
Craftmanship
Goldsmithery
Medical Instruments
The Hanseatic League
History of the Hanseatic League
Introduction and Beginnings
Hanseatic Architecture
Examples of Brick Architecture
Hall Houses (Dielenhäuser)
Goods and Trade
Stockfish Trade
Towns of the Hanseatic League
Riga
Stralsund
Tallinn / Reval
The Order of the Teutonic Knights
The Northern Crusades
The Conquest of Danzig
The Siege of Vilnius 1390
Vikings
Viking Material Culture
The Viking Treasure of Hiddensee
Viking Ships
The Nydam Ship
Germany
Geneaology
List of Medieval German Emperors
Anglo-German Marriage Connections
Kings and Emperors
The Salian Dynasty
King Heinrich IV
Staufen against Welfen
Emperor Otto IV
Princes and Lords
House Welfen
Heinrich the Lion's Ancestors
The Dukes of Braunschweig-Grubenhagen
Otto I of Braunschweig-Göttingen
The Landgraves of Thuringia
The Ludowing Landgraves of Thuringia
Albrecht II and Friedrich I of Thuringia
Dukes and Princes of other Families
Prince Wilhelm Malte of Putbus
Counts and Local Lords
The Marshals of Ebersburg
The Counts of Everstein
The Counts of Hohnstein
The Lords of Plesse
The Counts of Reichenbach
The Counts of Winzenburg
Feuds and Rebellions
Royal Troubles
Otto IV and Bishop Adalbert II of Magdeburg
Local Feuds
The Lüneburg Succession War
The Thuringian Succession War
The Star Wars
Great Britain
Kings of England
House Plantagenet
Richard Lionheart in Speyer
King Henry IV's Lithuanian Crusade
Normans, Britons, Angevins
Great Noble Houses
The Dukes of Brittany
The Earls of Richmond
Kings of Scots
House Dunkeld
Malcolm III and Northumbria
Struggle for the Throne: Malcolm III to David I
King David and the Civil War, 1
King David and the Civil War, 2
Houses Bruce and Stewart
The Early Stewart Kings
Welsh Princes
The Princes of Gwynedd
The Rise of House Aberffraw
Scotland and England
The Wars of Independence
Alexander of Argyll
The Fight for Stirling Castle
Wales and England
A History of Rebellion
Llywellyn ap Gruffudd to Owain Glyn Dŵr
Scandinavia
Kings of Denmark
House Knýtlinga
Harald Bluetooth's Flight to Pomerania
Kings of Norway
Foreign Relations
King Eirik's Scottish Marriages
King Håkon V's Swedish Politics
Beginnings of the Kalmar Union
Danish Rule in the Baltic Sea
The Duchy of Estonia
Danish Kings and German Sword Brothers
Feuds and Rebellions
Alv Erlingsson of Tønsberg
Livonia and Lithuania
(Livonia: Latvia and Estonia)
Lithuanian Princes
The Geminid Dynasty
Troublesome Cousins - Jogaila and Vytautas
The Northern Crusades
The Wars in Lithuania
The Siege of Vilnius 1390
Conflicts in Livonia
The History of Riga
The History of Reval (Tallinn)
Poland
Royal Dynasties
The Jagiełłonian Kings
Władysław Jagiełło and the Polish-Lithuanian Union
The Northern Crusades
The Conquest of Pomerania and Prussia
The Conquest of Danzig
Bohemia
Royal Dynasties
The Bohemian Kings of House Luxembourg
King Sigismund and the Hussite Wars
Low Countries
(Flanders, Luxembourg, Brabant, Holland)
Luxembourg
House Luxembourg
King Sigismund
Roman History
The Romans at War
Forts and Fortifications
The German Limes
The Cavalry Fort Aalen
Limes Fort Osterburken
Limes Fort Saalburg
The Hadrian's Wall
Introduction
The Fort at Segedunum / Wallsend
Border Life
Exercise Halls
Mile Castles and Watch Towers
Soldiers' Living Quarters
Cavalry Barracks
Campaigns and Battles
Maps
The Romans in Germania
The Pre-Varus Invasion in Germania
Roman Camp Hedemünden
New Finds in 2008
The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest
Museum Park at Kalkriese
The Battle at the Harzhorn
Introduction
The Batavian Rebellion
A Short Introduction
Roman Militaria
Armour
Early Imperial Helmets
Late Roman Helmets
The Negau B Helmet
Weapons
Weapon Finds at Hedemünden
The pilum
Daggers
Swords
Other Equipment
Roman Saddles
Roman Life and Religion
Religion and Public Life
Religion
Curse Tablets and Good Luck Charms
Isis Worship
Memorial Stones
The Mithras Cult
Public Life
Roman Transport: Barges
Roman Transport: Amphorae and Barrels
Roman Water Supply
Architecture
Roman Public Baths
Domestic Life
Roman villae
Villa Urbana Longuich
Villa Rustica Wachenheim
Everyday Life
Bathing Habits
Children's Toys
Face Pots
Other Times
Neolithicum to Iron Age
Germany
Development of Civilisation
European Bread Museum, Ebergötzen
The Hutewald Project in the Solling
Open Air Museum Oerlinghausen
Neolithic Remains
Stone Burials of the Funnelbeaker Culture
The Necropolis of Oldendorf
Bronze Age / Iron Age
The Nydam Ship
Scotland
Neolithic Orkney
The Neolithic Landscape of Orkney
Ring of Brodgar
Skara Brae
Life in Skara Brae
Bronze Age / Iron Age
Clava Cairns
The Brochs of Gurness and Midhowe - Their Function in Iron Age Society
Scandinavia
Bronze / Iron Age
The Ship Setting of Gnisvärd / Gotland
Post-Medieval History
Development of Technologies
Otto von Guericke and the Magdeburg Hemispheres
Attempts at Raising the Vasa Wreck
Explorers
Fram Expedition to the North Pole
Fram Expedition to the South Pole
Arts and Literature
The Weimar Classicism
